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PRINCETON, N. J. 


PRESENTED BY 


John NT. Mott. 


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“CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN 
WORKERS AMONG MOSLEMS 
1924 


A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE CONFERENCES 
TOGETHER WITH THEIR FINDINGS 
AND LISTS OF MEMBERS 


: hess BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE 
NTERNATIONAL MISSIONARY COUNCIL | 
NEW YORK 
1924 





TABLE OF CONTENTS BY CHAPTERS 


PAGH 


EMTRODCIOTION MT ete iteit na Pel diver I's ditt el Miva 4's 7 

I. GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM. . .. . 138 
II, CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE . . .. . 49 
Lit> Heuwan Regional CONFERENOE |...) . «ie TT 
IV. BruMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE . . . . . . 103 
V. Bagupap RecionAL CONFERENCE . ... . . 129 
APPENDES SGU MSTIONNAIRE eel eh ied «Mie wish ts i boe 


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ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PN TROD IGT LO Nig tet erecta seule tice aveldls) nigiaels 7 


I. ACCESSIBILITY, OCCUPATION, AND SURVEY. 


Jerusalem, 13; Constantine, 49; Helwan, 77; Brumana, 103; 
Baghdad, 129. 


II, EVANGELIZATION. 


Jerusalem, 17; Constantine, 54; Helwan, 79; Brumana, 106; 
. Baghdad, 130. 


III. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 


Jerusalem, 18; Constantine, 56; Helwan, 83; Brumana, 109; 
Baghdad, 130. 


IV. CHRISTIAN EDUCATION. 


Jerusalem, 20; Constantine, 57; Helwan, 85; Brumana, 111; 
Baghdad, 131. 


V. YOUNG PEOPLE’S WORK. 


Jerusalem, 23; Constantine, 59. 


VI. CHRISTIAN LITERATURE. 


Jerusalem, 24;,.Constantine, 62; Helwan, 88; Brumana, 114; 
Baghdad, 133.. 


VII. CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP. 


Jerusalem, 28; Constantine, 64; Helwan, 92; Brumana, 118; 
Baghdad, 132. 


VIII. PREPARATION OF MISSIONARIES. 


Jerusalem, 29; Constantine, 66. 


IX. MEDICAL WORK. 
Jerusalem, 32; Constantine, 70; Brumana, 121; Baghdad, 133. 
3 


ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PAGE 


. SOCIAL WORK. 


Jerusalem, 34; Constantine, 68; Baghdad, 135. 


. WORK AMONG WOMEN. 


Jerusalem, 36; Constantine, 71; Brumana, 121; Baghdad, 135, 


. CO-OPERATION. 


Jerusalem, 40; Constantine, 49; Helwan, 77; Brumana, 105; 
Baghdad, 135. 


MISSIONS AND GOVERNMENTS. 
Helwan, 96. 


_ THE SPIRITUAL DYNAMIC. 


Jerusalem, 42; Helwan, 94. 
APPEND x re Delete Cite ona ti cectapere tale CE ian 139 


TEND EAXi9 Nea NGO arate a seen ter aerat oe ble wattaletere a 147 


INTRODUCTION 





INTRODUCTION 


On invitation of the Continuation Committee of the Edin- 
burgh World Missionary Conference, and as Chairman of that 
Committee, I conducted throughout Southern and Eastern Asia 
in the year 1912-13 a series of twenty-one Conferences of mis- 
sionaries and native Church leaders in the interest of promoting 
the closer co-operation of the Christian forces. The findings of 
these gatherings were printed and placed at the disposal of the 
Foreign Missionary Societies of Europe, North America, and 
Australasia as well as of the Missions and Churches of the areas 
eoncerned. This led to a request to organize and conduct simi- 
lar Conferences in the Levant, with special reference to the 
work throughout the Moslem world. The invitation was ac- 
cepted and preliminary arrangements were being made when 
the War necessarily interrupted the plans. Three years ago, 
after conditions had become more stable in the Near East, the 
request was renewed and after thorough preparations the origi- 
nal plan was carried out during the recent winter and spring 
under the auspices of the International Missionary Council, the 
body which has succeeded the former Continuation Committee. 
In this connection it should be mentioned that the Lucknow 
Conference of Workers in Moslem lands, held in the year 1911, 
had provided for the convening of another Conference. The 
Committee appointed to carry out this purpose decided to merge 
its plan with that of the International Missionary Council. 

The Conferences recently held were as follows :— 


Regional Conference for Northwest Africa at Constantine, 
Algeria, February 6-9; 

Regional Conference for Egypt, the Sudan, and Abyssinia 
at Helwan, Egypt, February 22-26; 

Regional Conference for Syria and Palestine at Brumana, 
Syria, March 25-29; 

General Conference for the Entire Moslem World at Jeru- 
salem, April 3-7. 

7 


8 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS 


Following the General Conference in Jerusalem a Regional Con- 
ference for Iraq and Persia was held at Baghdad, April 12-14, 
under the presidency of Dr. Zwemer. The personnel of the 
various regional meetings included representatives of the various 
Missions and Native Churches, together with representatives of 
the Mission Boards having work in these areas. The Jerusalem 
Conference embraced not only delegates from the preceding 
Regional Conferences, but also strong deputations from all other 
parts of the Moslem world such as Arabia, Iraq, Persia, Tur- 
kistan, China, India, and the Dutch East Indies. Among their 
number were the recognized leaders of all phases of the Christian 
movement throughout the Moslem world. 

Several considerations accentuate the timeliness of these Con- 
ferences. The recent extensive and profound changes in nearly 
all parts of the Moslem world called for a fresh orientation of 
the work of Christian missions to this important part of the 
missionary task. The remarkable developments within Moham- 
medanism rendered a fresh, united study imperatively neces- 
sary. It was recognized that experiences of recent years in 
other parts of the world-wide missionary movement should be 
made available to those engaged in mission work among Mos- 
lems. The need felt in the home base countries of knowing the 
mind and wish of the workers throughout the Mohammedan 
lands as well as the desire of the missionaries and native leaders 
in these lands for an opportunity to speak a united voice to 
the Churches in the West made these gatherings peculiarly 
opportune. These were essentially conferences. The time was 
devoted almost exclusively to open forums or discussions and not 
to public addresses and the reading of papers. In many cases 
surveys had been made and valuable papers prepared and cir- 
culated among the delegates well in advance. Moreover, a very 
penetrating and forward-looking questionnaire had been drawn 
up in consultation with missionary and Church leaders and this * 
served as the basis for corporate thinking and discussion during 
the months preceding the Conferences as well as for the debates 
in the Conferences themselves. 

The membership of each Conference was divided into eight or 
ten Committees of Findings on such subjects as the following: 


CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS 9 


Survey, Accessibility, and Occupation; Evangelization; the 
Christian Church; Christian Education; Christian Leadership ; 
Christian Literature; Medical and Social Work; Women’s and 
Young People’s Work; Co-operation; Spiritual Dynamic. Half 
of the time at each Conference was spent in united sessions for 
discussion and the other half in parallel meetings of the different 
Findings Committees. The closing sessions of each Conference 
were devoted to the consideration, amendment, and adoption of 
the reports of these Committees. 

The Findings of the Conferences merit careful study and 
prompt constructive action. They constitute an absolutely 
unique presentation of the united experience, thought, and vision 
of the best informed workers among Moslems. Those who are 
familiar with the greatly changed situation throughout Moslem 
lands regard these Findings as most discerning, timely, and pro- 
phetic. As the Conferences were not legislative gatherings, the 
Findings have no binding authority over Missions, Churches, and 
Missionary Societies. They possess only such weight as may be 
given them by the experience, truth, and insight which they 
embody. This, however, should be very great indeed as we think 
of the exceptional background and wide outlook of the personnel 
of the Conferences, and further as we reflect upon the fact that 
the Findings represent the united judgment of these remarkable 
groups of workers. 

The Findings as they came from the Conferences have been 
edited and are now issued in printed form for private circula- 
tion only. They are to be made available for all missionaries 
and Church leaders in Moslem lands and for all Mission Boards 
having work among Moslems. 

All who have at heart the extension of the Kingdom of God 
among Moslem peoples are under enduring obligation to the 
Institute of Social and Religious Research and the group of 
other friends whose vision and generous responsiveness did so 
much to make possible these creative gatherings. 


Joun R. Mort, 
Chairman of the International Missionary Council. 


New York, June, 1924. 


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GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 





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GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 
I. Accessibility and Occupation 


The command of Christ to ‘‘go into all the world and preach 
the Gospel to every creature’’ precludes neglecting any region 
however inaccessible, any race however backward, any religion 
whatever difficulties it may present. 

It is a striking fact that in the great modern Christian mis- 
sionary enterprise which has had such marvellous development 
under God, and now promises to go forward with increasing 
momentum, the Moslem world has been to a very great extent 
neglected. Yet Islam is the one great rival missionary religion 
of the world whose adherents present one general type of social 
and religious consciousness. It numbers about 235,000,000 and 
its influence centres at the meeting point of three continents. 
From this strategic position it not only stoutly resists Christian 
impact, but is itself making aggressive and successful missionary 
efforts in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. 

The missionary forces hitherto have generally moved across 
or around this great Moslem bloc. In proportion to their impor- 
tance and -extent, missions to Moslems have received vastly less 
attention, fewer missionaries, and less adequate financial sup- 
port than those to any other great non-Christian religion. 

Whatever may have been the reasons for this in the past, the 
opening of the present, century has seen such significant up- 
heavals—economic, political, social, and religious—in the world 
of Islam that the Christian Church can never again give as 


excuse for her neglect of this task that the doors are barred or 
closed. 


1. Accessibility. 
Of the population of the Moslem world, which numbers 234,- 
814,989, we find that no less than four-fifths are now increas- 


ingly accessible to every method of missionary approach. This 
13 


14 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WorRKERS AMONG MosiEmMs 1924 


is true, for example, of all British India, the Dutch East Indies, 
Persia, Mesopotamia, China, the Balkans, the whole of North 
Africa, and Central, East, and West Africa, with the possible 
exception of Northern Nigeria. We are convinced that in some 
lands where work is hindered or prevented by government the 
people themselves would welcome Christian missionaries if the 
restrictions were removed. This marvellous accessibility is evi- 
dent from the following :— 

(a) Ease of Communication, There has been a startling devel- 
opment in the ease of communication throughout the Near East 
and Northern Africa by the construction of thousands of miles 
of railways and modern highways, the use of automobile trans- - 
port, and the air post. Even the Sahara has been successfully 
crossed by automobiles and a railway is now under construc- 
tion. The distance from Baghdad to Damascus has been reduced 
to nineteen hours. Persia is building highways and Abyssinia’s 
capital is a railway terminus. The highways for the Gospel are 
nearly everywhere prepared. 

(b) Favourable Political Conditions. Political conditions are 
to-day on the whole strikingly favourable for the spread of the 
Gospel. Colonial governments, once hostile to missions among 
Moslems, have become increasingly friendly and in some cases 
are even supporting the medical and social programme of mis- 
sions. The fall of the Turkish Caliphate has dealt a serious blow 
to Pan-Islamism and the sense of Moslem unity. The situation is 
causing the Moslem leaders to reconsider religious positions 
formerly accepted as axiomatic, and in consequence great per- 
plexity has been produced in the minds of the masses. The new 
mandates for the Near East and the new constitution of Egypt 
contain definite promises of religious freedom. 

(c) Effect of the War. The War and its aftermath brought 
vast numbers of Moslems into direct contact with Western civili- 
zation and opened their eyes to a new world. Many men and 
women of wealth, thousands of the student class in the Near 
Kast, and a vast army of workmen from North Africa go to 
Europe and this contact between Moslem and European is 
unparalleled in its extent and influence. Every year more Mos- 
Jems visit Paris than Mecca. 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 15 


(d) Educational Accessibility. In every Moslem land educa- 
tion is being actively promoted by government and literacy is 
rapidly increasing. The rising generation is steadily gaining an 
entirely new outlook because the newspaper, the cinema, the 
theatre, and modern pictorial advertising have created a thou- 
sand points of contact with Western civilization, and all this 
tends to disintegrate old Islamic standards and ideals. 

(e) Religious Accessibility. From nearly every part of the 
field we have reports of a responsive spirit, a new willingness 
to hear the Gospel message, and much less antagonism than in 
former days. It has even been found possible to distribute the 
Gospels in the Azhar University. The number of enquirers is 
increasing everywhere and public baptisms are not only possible 
but more frequent. Among the educated classes, especially the 
young men, some have lost their moorings and are adrift on a 
sea of unbelief; with others there is an eager and intelligent 
spirit of inquiry in regard to religion. Now is the supreme 
opportunity for winning these future leaders for Christ. 


2. Occupation: 

(a) Areas Practically Unoccupied. We are humiliated to 
find the following areas or countries in which the population is 
wholly or predominantly Moslem still practically unoccupied 
although the missionary conferences of Cairo, Edinburgh, and 
Lucknow laid them all before the Church:—Afghanistan, the 
provinces Hejaz, Asir, Nejd, and Hadhramaut in Arabia, Russian 
Turkistan, parts of Siberia, Bukhara, the eastern part of the 
Malay Peninsula, Socotra, the Moslem populations of Madagas- 
ear, Albania, Bulgaria, the Crimea, Georgia, and Russia in Eu- 
rope, Tripoli in North Africa, the French Sudan, the great 
Aures Mountains, the Saharan Atlas ranges, the central popu- 
lous mountain region of Morocco, and the vast Sahara itself. 
These unoccupied fields have a total population of approxi- 
mately 36,000,000. 

(b) Moslems of China. The Mohammedans of China proper, 
numbering at least 8,000,000, have scarcely a missionary devot- 
ing himself entirely to this important element of the population. 


16 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEmMs 1924 


(c) Moslems of India. It is astonishing that Moslem India 
also is in a very real sense an unoccupied field. Little special 
work for Moslems is carried on although there are 69,000,000 
of them. There are large cities like Bombay, Lucknow, Delhi, 
and Lahore where formerly there was special effort to win Mos- 
lems but where now there are no missionaries wholly devoted to 
this task. While there are more than 5,000 missionaries in 
India, the number of these who are especially prepared and set 
apart for the evangelization of Moslems is pitifully small. Only 
a few centres like Dacca, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and Quetta can 
be said to have missionaries devoting their whole time to Moslem 
work. On the other hand, it may be said that there are many 
places where missionaries are giving part of their time to Mos- 
lems, yet even when one considers all this it is still clear that 
there is such a serious lack of attention being given to the Mos- 
lem problem in proportion to its importance that its adequate 
consideration by all missions in India is urgently required. 
What is here stated in regard to India is also true in a measure 
of the Dutch East Indies with the exception of Java. _ 

(d) Moslems of the Near East. In the Near East from a 
variety of causes the Mohammedan has been astonishingly neg- 
lected. Although in Syria and Palestine there are many mis- 
sionaries giving a part of their time to direct Moslem work, yet 
only a very small number are wholly engaged in this task. Much 
the same is true of Egypt. The Mission Boards should face these 
startling facts and set aside missionaries entirely devoted to 
Moslem evangelization. In Turkey a complete change of empha- 
sis in favour of Moslem work has been forced by tragic cireum- 
stances, although the number of workers is yet wholly inade- 
quate. As a contrast, in Persia we find that of the 150 mission- 
aries all but three or four are engaged primarily in direct work 
for Moslems. f 

In view of these facts the Moslem world urgently needs 
a greatly increased number of specially qualified workers, and, 
moreover, Some missions need a new perspective and an entire 
readjustment of emphasis and effort. Only in this way can we 
ever hope for the speedy evangelization of the Moslem peoples. 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 17 


II. Evangelization 


We desire it to be understood that by Evangelization we mean 
the realization of the ultimate objective of all missionary en- 
deavour, which is to lead men and women into vital relationship 
with God through Jesus Christ, and the acceptance of His rule 
for life and all human relationships. Evangelization in this 
broad sense is not simply a branch of missionary work. It is 
the fruit of all branches, the goal of all efforts, and the essential 
spirit of the whole enterprise. 


1. Urgency of Situation. 


The facts before us prove that the call to evangelize Moslems 
has taken on a new urgency. This Conference has brought into 
great prominence the fact that a new situation is to be met with 
throughout the Moslem world. There is a decided change in 
thought and outlook, and a growing desire for freedom—mainly 
social and political, but also moral. Nationalism is being sub- 
stituted for Pan-Islamism, while the Caliphate question is, at 
the present moment, profoundly disturbing the minds of Mos- 
lems. Whereas formerly indirect methods of approach were 
necessary on account of government restrictions, opposition, and 
fanaticism, to-day in many Moslem lands the way is open to 
widespread and direct evangelization. 


2. A Call to the Home Church. 


(a) This is a situation which constitutes a call to the Church 
at home to face afresh her obligation to prosecute this difficult 
task, more particularly in respect of securing on their staffs in 
the field a fairer proportion of trained workers for Moslems. 

(b) The situation likewise affords a unique opportunity to 
missionaries themselves to distribute their forces in such a man- 
ner as to take advantage of this greater accessibility of Moslems. 

(c) We believe the time has come when the native evangeli- 
cal Churches should be led to see that they themselves ought to 
constitute the chief agency for the evangelization of Moslems by 
shifting the emphasis of their work from missionary activity 
among the Eastern Churches to direct efforts for Moslems. 


18 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuEms 1924 


3. Explanation of Dearth of Converts. 


The dearth of converts in some areas is to be explained largely 
on the ground of the extreme shortage of workers equipped and 
set apart especially for this task. A further reason is to be 
found in the fact that in some areas the native Christians (not 
Moslem converts) have frequently shown themselves unsympa- 
thetic towards Moslem enquirers and converts. Government 
restrictions in some fields still hamper missionary effort, and 
even where there is greater liberty, excess of caution on the part 
of Christian workers has proved an obstacle to obtaining greater 
results. 


4. Care of Converts. 


‘We deem it imperative that there be careful preparation of 
the catechumen; that he witness to his new faith before his 
friends; that he be baptized in the presence of members of the 
Church; and that he be given systematic instruction subsequent 
to baptism. We would also stress the need of maintaining 
around the new convert an atmosphere of rate love, and 
friendship. 


5. Negative and Unfruitful Controversy. 


In the presentation of our message we must avoid all negative 
and unfruitful controversy, and rely on the positive preaching 
of Christ Crucified, and the implications of His Cross, support- 
ing our appeal to the Moslem heart by the testimony of our own 
personal experience. 

We are impressed with a sense of the great need there exists 
for creating in the Moslem mind a new and a true conception of 
Jesus Christ, believing that when the Moslems see Jesus they 
will be drawn unto Him. 


III. The Christian Church 


We, the delegates of the Jerusalem Conference, are impressed 
with the value of the three series of Findings on the Church in 
Mohammedan lands, emanating from the three regional confer- 
ences; and desire that the conclusions of each region should be 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 19 


carefully studied by the other two, by workers in more distant 
lands, and by the societies and Churches at home. 


1. Responsibility of Native Church for Evangelization of 
Moslems. 


A solemn impression has been made on us by the spontaneous 
unanimity with which both native and foreign Christian lead- 
ers, in all Moslem lands where there are national Christian 
Churches, testify that in this new day the time has come for 
these Churches to break through the difficulties and trammeling 
traditions of the past, and to accept responsibility for the evan- 
gelization of Moslems, cost what it may. From Egypt, Palestine, 
Syria, Persia, and even Turkey this new note has rung out. 
Those who know what this means for Christians of those lands 
view this resolve with inexpressible sympathy, joy, and hope; 
sympathy because of what it will cost; joy and hope because it 
is certain that not otherwise can the task be carried through. 


2. Making the Native Churches Real Homes for Moslem 
Converts. 


We find that this resolve directly involves the call for these 
Churches increasingly to become and to manifest themselves as 
homes for Christ’s converts from Islam. For them to be recog- 
nized and recognizable as such would itself be the highest form 
of evangelizing a people who have so lively a sense of corporate 
fraternity themselves, and to whom religion means something 
that meets the social need of man from childhood to the grave. 
We find that in view of this call to Christian brotherhood special 
instruction needs to be given to our congregations, by precept, 
example, and object lesson. And we believe that in the last 
analysis the willingness to receive these strangers is a supreme 
test of love, and the measure of the Dynamic of the Life of 
Christ working by His Spirit in His Church. 


3. Best Results Attained by Joint Endeavour. 


In collecting the experience of several countries regarding the 
admission of Mohammedans to the catechumenate and to bap- 
tism, we find that the best results are reached when with the 


290 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG Mostems 1924 


ordained pastor and the authoritative governing body of the 
Chureh are associated those who have themselves been converted 
from Islam. 


4. The Part of the Eastern Churches in Reaching Moslems. 


In the light of testimony from different parts of the field we 
endorse the finding of the Brumana Conference to the effect 
that the missionary societies and the Churches use every prac- 
ticable means, especially that of friendship, to inspire the ancient 
Churches of the East with the old Apostolic and missionary 
spirit and teachings. We consider it to be our duty to encour- 
age both individuals and Churches, now that the new circum- 
stances have made it possible, to take their full share in the 
evangelization of their Moslem neighbours, being persuaded that 
in every Church missionary activity is essential to the mainte- 
nance of a vital spiritual life. 


5. Movement toward Christian Unity. 

We believe that the necessity of showing a united front to 
Islam should make all Christian bodies active supporters of the 
movement toward Christian unity. This unity, beginning in 
unity of spirit, may be expected to manifest itself in immediate 
co-operation in work wherever possible with a view to a federa- 


tion of Churches in the future, merging into united Churches in 
God’s good time. 


6. Development of New Christians to Bear Responsibility. 

In the case of nascent Churches of converts from Islam we 
find that the new Christians should be associated with the mis- 
sionaries from the first in matters concerning extension, manage- 
ment, and finance, in order that the native Church may from the 
very outset be preparing to become self-extending, self-govern- 
ing, and self-supporting at the earliest possible date. 


IV. Christian Education and Young People 


Place of Education in Missions to Moslems. 


The history of mission work in Moslem lands is, to a large 
extent, a history of its educational work. Political, social, and 


SHATT JO LINOO GAHL NO WONGUYANO(Y) AUVNOISSIPY IVYANA GH LY SNIVHHLVS 
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GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 21 


religious conditions have, in the past, been such that the entrance 
to new territory, the holding of that already occupied, and the 
gaining of a hearing for the Gospel message have found in the 
school their most effective agent. But the changing conditions 
of the present day have opened opportunities for the direct 
pressing of other agencies, notably direct evangelism and the 
circulation of Christian literature. Thus the school has been 
released in great measure from being used chiefly as a means of 
contact, and has been set free for its direct educational task. 

At the same time the war years and those immediately follow- 
ing have caused a new realization of self-consciousness, national 
and religious, and have aroused, especially amongst Moslems, a 
purpose to demonstrate to the world their ability to make proper 
use of Western appliances and methods of thought. 

In view of this new situation it seems necessary not only to 
re-emphasize our former aims of educational work, but also to 
state the necessity of sympathetically guiding students in their 
historical and scientific studies. 

This Conference recognizes that Christian education consti- 
tutes one of the strongest methods of approach to the Moslem 
world. Reports from all fields indicate an increasing desire on 
the part of Moslems for the education given in missionary insti- 
tutions. Contact with missionary work has given the people 
confidence in the missionaries and a high appreciation of the 
results of the physical, intellectual, and moral training of the 
students committed to their training. 

Conditions differ in different countries and fields, but a care- 
ful survey of the reports presented to this conference leads us 
to urge the following points as essential :— 


1. Presentation of Christ to Pupils. 

The presentation of Jesus Christ to every pupil with a view 
to his acceptance of Him as Saviour and his consecration to Him 
as Lord; and likewise the development of the highest type of 
manhood and womanhood and the betterment and enrichment 
of social life through the inspiration and power that come from 
Jesus Christ. 


22 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEmMs 1924 


2. Adaptation of Educational Work. 


The establishment of sympathetic contacts with Moslem com- 
munities so as to remove their misconceptions of the content of 
the Christian message and life, and to secure co-operation of 
Moslem communities and officials. Institutions of all grades 
should adapt themselves to local conditions, having regard to 
the special type of community, e.g., rural or urban. They should 
also adapt themselves to the local habits and customs so far as 
these are not antagonistic to Christian principles. Moreover, 
they should work in the closest possible co-operation with other 
educational agencies. 


3. Clear Definition of Educational Policy. 


In spite of these weighty reasons for developing missionary 
education, it is vital that in every area the policy of the mis- 
sions in this branch of their work be strictly defined; otherwise 
increasing the educational phase of the work may result in dan- 
gerous excessive demands being made upon missionary personnel 
and resources. In no case will it be possible to compete quanti- 
tatively with government and other institutions or to cover the 
field with schools whose primary aim is evangelism. We, there- 
fore, recommend that in each region there should be an inter- 
mission educational committee, one of whose most important 
duties should be the consideration of the whole subject of Chris- 
tian education in the light of the special conditions of the region 
concerned, and in the light of the total resources at the com- 
mand of the Christian forces. 


4, Adequate Organization and Equipment. 


‘ 
The thorough and scientific organization of Christian schools 
and their adequate equipment so that they may be equal or 
superior to any non-Christian schools in the community. 


5. Special Preparation Required of Teacher. 


In order that permanent foreign teachers may understand the 
mentality of their pupils, and gain access to their hearts, we 
recommend that, so far as possible, permanent teachers should 
learn the language of their pupils, and make a thorough study 





GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 23 


of Islamics, also that religious instruction should be given in the 
mother tongue. 


6. Training Required for the Christian Ministry. 


Since every people should have an indigenous Christian lead- 
ership, we recommend that carefully chosen Christian leaders 
and converts from Islam be given a training for the Christian 
ministry especially adapted to the Moslem mind. 


7. Vocational Schools. 


Missions can often greatly further the economic and social 
uplift of the people by establishing and conducting vocational 
schools. 


8. Importance of Work among and for the Young. 


We desire to emphasize the extreme importance of work among 
and for the young before mentality and character have set in 
Moslem moulds. All agencies which have been tried and proved 
successful may well be used to awaken the minds and develop 
the character of the young both in connection with schools and 
in places where there are no schools. Some of these are :— 


(a) Boy Scouts and Girl Guides, to inculcate resourceful- 
ness and the idea of service; 

(b) The Sunday School: in view of the growth of the gov- 
ernment system of education in some of the areas, the 
Conference believes that the attention of the Churches 
should be urgently called to the importance of the Sun- 
day School as an effective agency for the work hitherto 
done by missionary elementary schools in Biblical and 
religious instruction. ‘To this end there should be 
appointed indigenous committees for the preparation 
of graded outlines of Sunday School lessons suited to 
the needs of the country ; 

(c) Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., and other student organiza- 
tions and young people’s societies for fellowship and 
co-operation in all kinds of service; 

(d) Camps, student conferences, clubs, athletics, and train- 
ing in civies, for the sake of fostering self-government, 


294 (CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEms 1924 


preparation for citizenship, and sense of responsibility 
for others; 

(e) Student hostels: in view of the rapidly increasing num- 
ber of students in higher and secondary government 
schools who live away from home under terribly unsat- 
isfactory conditions and who are, therefore, unusually 
accessible to the influences of well-ordered Christian 
home life, it is of special importance to establish stu- 
dent hostels for winning them for Christ’s Kingdom ; 

(f) Homes for children wholly committed to the care of 
missionary institutions should be established. 


V. Christian Literature 


1. The Present Opportunity. 

There is a clear and universal testimony that the present situ- 
ation in the Moslem world creates a need for literature as a dy- 
namic and penetrating instrument of Christian educational evan- 
gelism altogether without parallel in range and urgency in the 
literary history of these peoples. { 

Literacy is rapidly increasing in several of the areas. This 
fact is to-day developing an expanding demand for literature. 

The revolutionary fact, however, which has transformed the 
situation is the new mentality emerging from the upheaval of 
thought and feeling during and since the Great War. The shat- 
tering impact of the War itself, the rise of clamant nationalisms 
and race movements cutting across Pan-Islamic policy, the Bol- 
shevik ferment, the Caliphate agitation, the increased govern- 
ment of Islamic peoples by European powers, the critical debate 
on the civilization of Christendom, the eastward spread of Euro- 
pean scepticism, the rebellion against traditionalism and exter- 
nal authority, the hunger for knowledge of new scientific thought 
and invention, the canvassing of the status of oriental woman- 
hood, and some strong re-actionary movements are all factors in 
producing a profound and widespread change that can be 
described soberly and with precision as epoch-making, The 
urgency of the need is quite as impressive as its range; for the 
present plasticity cannot be expected to continue indefinitely. 





GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM me 


The development and use of Moslem literature for Moslems 
and the reading in Moslem lands of sceptical and immoral litera- 
ture from the West intensify the challenge that is thus thrown 
down to the Christian forces. 

The excellence and wide success of much of the Christian Lt- 
erature already produced in these areas constitute a convincing 
assurance that a concerted overhauling and re-shaping of policy 
and practice by the home base and the bodies in the fields to meet 
this new situation would result in a literature so attractive and 
penetrating as to help powerfully in moving forward the enter- 
prise of the Christian forces in the Moslem world. 


2. Production. 

Such a work involves a production of literature at once high 
in standard and graded to meet the requirements of varied 
types of readers throughout the Moslem world. The apparent 
complexity of this task is, however, mitigated by the fact that 
while the types of readers in one area vary widely, nevertheless 
most of these types are found in almost every other area; so 
that a manuscript produced for a particular class in one place 
may well meet the need of the same class in all other language 
areas. 

The survey on ‘‘ Christian Literature in Moslem Lands’’ * com- 
prehensively details the types of readers and the varieties of 
literature required and as an up-to-date and authoritative exam- 
ination of the needs of production will be invaluable and indis- 
pensable for guidance. 

Although all the classes of literature described in that survey 
are needed at once if forces are available for their production, 
it may be necessary to select certain of them as eminently and 
urgently needed. In that case energy should be concentrated 
upon the following :— 

(a) The provision of a new Christian apologetic (both in 
book and in tract form) laying emphasis on the posi- 

*<«Christian Literature in Moslem Lands.’’ A Study of the Activities of 
the Moslem and Christian Press in All Mohammedan Countries. Pre- 
pared by a Joint Commission of the Committee of Reference and Counsel 


of the Foreign Missions Conference of North America and the Committee 
on Social and Religious Surveys. New York. Doran. 1923. 306 pp. 


296 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosutEMs 1924 


tive exposition of the Person of Christ and His teach- 
ing and its application to the problems of mdividual 
and social life, rather than upon dogmatic proofs of 
the truth of Christianity; and presenting the all- 
sufficiency of Christ rather than making polemical 
attacks upon Islam; 

(b) The presentation of Christianity in action through 
biography and the story of social movements ; 

(c) A recreational literature for all ages to build up the 
Christian life of the oriental Churches in the home 
and to present to Moslems a living picture of the world 


through Christian eyes, this literature to include some > 


first-class periodicals for boys, girls, and adults. 

(d) A living Christian mystical literature to reach the wide- 
spread Moslem mystical movements,—a literature of 
which an existing example is the Arabic translation of 
The Imitation of Christ. 


3. Distribution. 


There is nothing relating to the subject of literature that is 
of more immediate urgency or vital importance than the matter 
of distribution. Literature which does not circulate becomes 
useless. There is abundant evidence that many book shelves in 
book depots and mission stations are little better than literature 
cemeteries. 

In circulation ‘‘lies the key to our success or failure’’ says the 
survey of ‘‘Christian Literature in Moslem Lands,’’ and in 
order to promote interest in this important branch of the work 
the following suggestions are made :— 


(a) The appointment of some person in connection with 
each publishing agency to be responsible for pushing 
the circulation of its output. 

(b) Judicious and adequate advertising. 

(c) The establishment of reading rooms and lending 
libraries. 

(d) The adoption by each Mission of the policy of con- 
sidering ‘‘every missionary and indigenous worker a 
colporteur.”’ 


_—— ——" J ane 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 27 


(e) The use of colporteurs more extensively by publishing 
agencies and missions. 

(f) Free distribution of tracts on a large variety of sub- 
jects to create a demand for larger works. 


4. Co-operation. 

The Conference endorses heartily the proposal for the organi- 
zation of a central committee on literature for the whole Moslem 
world, which may serve to co-ordinate thinking and action in 
respect to the production and distribution of Christian litera- 
ture in all Moslem mission fields and the establishment in con- 
nection therewith of a central bureau or office along the general 
lines approved by the American and British Committees on 
Christian literature, as follows :— 


(a) That a committee be appointed to be known as ‘‘The 
Co-ordinating Committee on Christian Literature for 
Moslems’’ and to be representative of the Christian 
forees in (1) North Africa, (2) Egypt and the Su- 
dan, (3) Abyssinia, including Eritrea and Somaliland, 
(4) Arabia and Mesopotamia, (5) Palestine and Syria, 
(6) Turkey, (7) Persia, (8) India, (9) Malaysia, (10) 
China, (11) other areas, particularly in Africa, not 
included above. It is suggested that countries 
seven to ten might require to be represented by 
correspondence. 

(b) That the Co-ordinating Committee shall not become a 
literature producing agency, but shall serve the fol- 
lowing functions: (1) Assist, wherever such help is 
desired, any plans for co-ordination and co-operation 
between existing producers of literature. (2) Pro- 
mote production in each field by enabling as many 
fields as possible to share in the productive energy of 
any one field. (8) Promote plans for the better cir- 
culation of literature produced, whether in one field 
or by several fields. 

(ec) That a Central Literature Bureau or Office be estab- 
lished as the general headquarters of the Co-ordinating 


28 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuEems 1924 


Committee on Christian Literature and that this be 
located preferably at Cairo. 

(d) That the Provisional Committee, now consisting of Dr. 
MacCallum (Chairman), Rev. Perey Smith, George 
Swan, Dr. C. R. Watson, Bishop MacInnes, Rev. W. 
W. Cash, Rev. F. F. Goodsell, Rev. M. T. Titus, and 
Bishop Linton, be charged with the task of working 
out the details of securing the formation of the Co-or- 
dinating Committee and the organization of its Cen- 
tral Bureau; and that the memorandum of December 
28, 1923, be rated to the Provisional Committee Hue 
thers peneral guidance. 


VI. Christian Leadership 


1. Increase in Number of Foreign Workers Imperative. 

In spite of such facts as those presented in the Report of the 
Committee on Accessibility and Occupation, there is a wide- 
spread idea among students in the West that the demand for 
more missionaries is less urgent than formerly and likely to 
diminish in the future owing to the rise and growing strength of 
indigenous evangelical Churches. 

As a corrective for that erroneous impression, this Conference 
would strongly urge the Home Boards and various recruiting 
agencies, such as the Student Christian Movements, to make 
widely known throughout Churches, schools, and universities the 
impressive facts presented by the Committee on Accessibility 
and Occupation. This Conference is convinced that these facts 
demonstrate :— 


(a) That a great increase of workers among Moslems 
throughout the world is imperatively needed. 

(b) That these workers must be of the finest type of Chris- 
tian character and winsomeness, and be given the most _ 
thorough preparation for their general and specific 
tasks. 

(c) That work among Moslems to-day calls for men and 
women with special qualifications and training for 
pioneer tasks, evangelistic preaching, training of evan- 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 29 


gelists and Bible teachers ; educationalists for primary, 
secondary, and higher schools; physicians and nurses ; 
literary workers; industrial and social welfare experts. 


2. Increase in Number of Native Workers is Essential. 

This Conference is convinced that present conditions call for 
a great increase in the number of highly trained native workers 
among Moslems. It notes the obvious need for a greatly aug- 
mented foree to take advantage of a situation unexpectedly 
favourable. What is more natural than to turn to the large 
number of former students of missionary institutions who are 
as yet unrelated to the missionary programme? 

Further, the chief instrument in winning the Moslem world 
is a strong, ably-led, missionary-spirited native Church. The 
number of native leaders of outstanding ability must be multi- 
plied. As the sufferings of Christ win human hearts, so the lov- 
ing service of those who have suffered most at Moslem hands 
will most powerfully attract those who are now opposed to Him. 
Native leaders, therefore, have a peculiar opportunity to give 
irresistible evidence of the power of Christ. 

The difficulties of enlisting talented natives include those com- 
mon to all countries, Christian and non-Christian, such as the 
lack of consecration to Jesus Christ and His cause, fear of pov- 
erty, lack of provision for old age and for the care of one’s fam- 
ily, especially for the education of children. In mission fields 
there are the pecular problems of status in relation to foreign 
workers; inadequate provision for special training; the opposi- 
tion of families to daughters’ engaging in such work. 


3. Qualifications and Preparation of Workers. 

In view of the exhaustive and authoritative report made by 
the Board of Missionary Preparation of the Foreign Missions 
Conference of North America entitled ‘‘The Presentation of 
Christianity to Moslems,’’ we strongly urge that all present and 
prospective workers among Moslems without exception familiar- 
ize themselves with its recommendations. 

This Conference would emphasize certain indispensable fea- 


30 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


tures in the selection and preparation of workers among Mos- 
lems. Among these are :— 

(a) There should be the determination to maintain such 
physical fitness as will insure steady, normal nervous 
power throughout the whole period of preparation and 
Service. 

(b) Hospitality and courtesy occupy a large place in Mos- 
lem life. The workers who would establish and extend 
their vital, personal contacts should be attentive to 
and observe with scrupulous care the social usages of 
their neighbours. The more closely the worker identi- 
fies himself with all the normal interests of the com- 
munity, the larger will be his opportunity for 
presenting Christ’s message for the whole man. Some 
form of special training in methods of practical social 
helpfulness (such as recreation, child welfare, music, 
vocational counsel, ete.) might well be included in his 
preparation. 

(c) In addition to the general culture and professional 
training for special types of work (teaching,.medicine, 
preaching, ete.) which are essential for work in any 
field, there are two lines of preparation so vital as to 
lead us to the conviction that without these no worker 
can hope for a large measure of success. First, such 
training in linguistics as will develop facility in mas- 
tering the languages used by the people. Secondly, 
such thorough training in Islamics as will give real 
understanding of the mind and heart of the Moslem 
of to-day in his native environment. Such training 
includes not only the study of historical Islam but of 
contemporary movements within Islam, especially in 
the particular area concerned. 

(d) Such a clear conviction as to being called of God to 
this particular work is needed as will sustain faith 
and hope during long periods of waiting for visible 
results. 

(e) Christ-like lives never fail to impress Moslems. To 
develop a sympathetic personality, one assured that 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 31 


God was in Christ reconciling the world unto Himself, 
is the supreme objective of missionary preparation. 
The one path that leads to this goal is the path of 
Christ-like service, experience in winning men to Jesus 
Christ as Saviour and Lord and in applying His 
teachings to the whole range of their interests and 
activities. Only such experience can develop an effec- 
tive faith in the power of God to transform the hearts 
of men who are enmeshed in a system which is defi- 
nitely and militantly hostile to the claims of Christ as 
Lord and Saviour. The establishment of controlling 
habits of serious study of the Scriptures, of fearless 
consideration of the application of their teachings to 
one’s own life and surroundings, and of real and 
unbroken dealings with God in prayer—this must be 
assured before a missionary leaves the friendly envi- 
ronment of the homeland. The deadening effect of 
Christless society can be safely encountered only by 
those who are maintaining spiritual fitness. 


4. Training Schools on the Mission Field. 

The fact emerges with increasing clearness that the only way 
to secure the highest efficiency in this Christian service is to 
perfect the means by which the workers, native as well as for- 
eign, may most quickly and surely get into intelligent relation- 
ship with the people to whom they come with a message affecting 
their whole life and outlook. 

To this end one must master their vernacular language, be 
familiar with their literature, social customs, religious back- 
ground, and current thinking, and become thoroughly acquainted 
with their daily round of activities and interests. This Confer- 
ence is, therefore, convinced of the necessity for providing high- 
gerade training schools on the field, strategically located so as to 
combine the necessary intellectual training with opportunities 
for intimate social contacts. 

In large areas where the missionaries among Moslems cannot 
be adequately served by the Cairo School of Oriental Studies, 


32 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosiEMs 1924 


it is recommended that similar schools for the teaching of Islam- 
ics be established. 

In every country where indigenous leaders are being trained 
attention should be given to the establishing of special courses of 
study in Arabie and Islamics in connection with existing Theo- 
logical and Bible Schools. 

It is recommended that training schools for missionary and 
indigenous leaders should be conducted wherever possible in the 
same institutions. | 


5. Implications of Leadership. 

The leadership to which this Conference would call men and 
women is not that commonly meant in the multitudinous appeals 
to college men and women with their emphasis upon position, 
authority, power, and even the honour of demonstrative self-sac- 
rifice. The Christian leadership demanded for the winning of 
Moslem hearts is that which is determined to excel in those 
Christ-like qualities and actions revealed in Jesus’ associations 
with humble men and women as One Who completely shared 
their lives, their fears, and their aspirations. Although com- 
pletely identified with the life of men He yet possessed within 
Himself those superhuman powers that enabled Him actually to 
give them a new life in this world and new certainties of unend- 
ing fellowship with God. Effective help in the whole range of 
their everyday life and the gift of eternal life itself was with 
Jesus but the expression of His perfect love without ulterior 
motives or aim. His leadership consisted in His perfect un- 
selfishness and uncalculating love. So must ours. 


VII. Medical and Social Work 


Medical Work. 
1. Of the whole gamut of missionary methods in Moslem Lands 


there is in many respects none more valuable or efficacious than’ 


that of Medical Missions. The utility of this form of missionary 
enterprise lies in the fact that :— 

(a) It demonstrates most powerfully the Spirit of Christ, 

and is pre-eminently a means of setting forth our 


i a 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 3a 


Lord’s example and character. To attain this object 
the relationship between hospital worker and patient 
must be kindly and sympathetic, and the preaching of 
the love of Christ must be exemplified by the attitude 
of all who tend the sick and must be assisted by a 
conciliatory influence on their part. 

(b) It obtains a hearing for the Christian Message even 
when other means fail. This it does either indirectly 
by undermining the prejudice of a community or an 
individual, and thus making them more accessible; or 
directly by drawing together crowds to listen to the 
Evangel. 

(c) It is a powerful agency for widespread evangelization. 
Patients coming from many towns and villages hear 
the Gospel in the Mission Hospital, and thus the light 
is diffused throughout large areas and districts. 

(d) It is a means of influencing individuals at a time when, 
grateful for physical benefits received and kindness 
shown, their hearts are particularly open to receive 
the Gospel. 

(e) It relieves much human suffering, thus fulfilling the will 
of our Lord, who came as well for the body as for the 
soul. 


2. In Medical Mission work a vast amount of sowing is being 
done, multitudes hear the word of God, many are deeply im- 
pressed, some confess their faith in Jesus as Saviour; but the 
brief sojourn of a patient in hospital does not often suffice to 
accomplish that change in a Moslem’s heart and life which is the 
hope and desire of the missionary. ‘‘A wide door and effectual’’ 
is opened in many places, but if opportunities are to be seized, if 
seed sown is to be reaped, further steps must be taken to deepen 
this widespread, but from one point of view, superficial work ; 
and to render permanent what threatens to be only a transient 
impression. This should be done not only by the doctor but also 
by specially qualified evangelists closely associated with him. 

The following-up methods to be commended are :— 


34 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEms 1924 


(a) Systematic village visiting in the area most deeply 
influenced by the medical mission. 

(b) Sending in the names and addresses of interested pa- 
tients to the missionaries working in the districts 
whence they come. . 

(c) The occasional carrying on of camp medical missions 
in outlying districts which have supplied large num- 
bers of the patients. | 

(d) The establishment of a chain of preaching stations in 
the hinterland of the medical mission, this step lead- 
ing eventually to the location of resident evangelists 
at certain chosen outposts. 


Social Work. 


1. The words of our Lord’s Prayer—‘‘Thy will be done on 
earth’’—state the goal of Christian effort in all lands. By 
Christian social work we mean the application of the principles 
of Jesus Christ to all human relationships. 

2. Moslems claim that Islam covers every need of the social 
life. Even as we meet religious Islam by spiritual weapons, 
so must social Islam be met by Christian social efforts. Social 
and industrial activities cannot replace but should accompany, 
aid, and complete the direct teaching of the Gospel. 

3. A well-defined policy on sociology and economics, based 
on our Lord’s principles, greatly recommends Christianity to 
the thinking Moslems who are sincerely seeking after the bet- 
terment of their peoples. Beginning with everyday relation- 
ships, touching on child life and the status of woman—and ex- 
tending even to such broad principles as are embodied in the 
League of Nations, we should hold up before all the ideals of 
social justice. 

4. The Church needs to do social work :— 

(a) In order that it may respond to that need for brother- 
hood after which the Moslem always craves and 

(b) Because thereby excellent opportunities are afforded 
for making contacts with many men and women in 
superior walks of life who would otherwise be 
inaccessible. 





GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 35 


5. We, therefore, recommend that the following lines of 
social service be promoted :— 

(a) Hostels for men and women, particularly students. 

(b) Clubs so organized as to give self-expression to youth. 

(c) Physical education and recreation. 

(d) Individual, social, and public hygiene. 

(e) Sex education. 

(f) Recruiting and training of voluntary workers and lay 
leaders for and in the above-mentioned and other com- 
munity enterprises. 

Since the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. have specialized for 
many years in meeting the needs of youth along the above-men- 
tioned and other lines, we recommend that both Associations be 
urged to extend their work to other Moslem centres where 
responsible groups desire their services. 

6. Missionaries should acquaint themselves with the social 
and economic conditions around them, and work for reforms 
where needed, seeking to influence public opinion to that end. 
Special emphasis should be laid on such matters as :— 

(a) Infant welfare. 

(b) Child marriage. 

(ec) Child labour. 

(d) General conditions under which industry is carried 
on, e.g., hours of labour, living wages, and sanitary 
conditions of factories, ete. It is to be noted that much 
valuable help in working for such reforms has been 
afforded by the International Labour Office of the 
League of Nations. 

(e) Temperance reform. 

(f) Traffic in women and children. 

(g) Prevention of cruelty to animals. 

7. Having in view the fact that the Asiatic areas of the 
Moslem World are among the greatest producers of opiums, 
hashish, and coca leaf, and their derivatives, we welcome the 
action of the International Missionary Council in encouraging 
the effort now being made (particularly through the Dangerous 
Drugs Commission of the League of Nations) to grapple with 
the evil of the drug habit by a concerted plan on a world-wide 


86 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosiEMs 1924 


scale. The new Council for this area should co-operate with 
the International Missionary Council to this end. 


VIII. Work Among Women 


Great and rapid changes have taken place in post-war years 
among the more educated classes of women in the cities. In 
villages and among the uneducated Moslem women of towns 
and cities these changes are not yet so apparent. Some such 
are:—the postponement of marriage and greater freedom of 
choice on the woman’s part; the attendance of women at pub- 
lic lectures and concerts; the formation of women’s clubs and 
of mixed clubs; and in some eases greater freedom in the use 
of the veil. The demand for education has greatly increased 
and in some instances young Moslem women remain in mission 
schools and colleges to the ages of eighteen or twenty. Many 
are earning their livelihood as trained teachers, journalists, or 
clerks in shops, banks, and business offices. But with these 
gains there are risks and drawbacks. Liberty so unprepared- 
for is often abused and misapplied. The influence of. the pub- 
lic cinema is often harmful and competition in the adoption of 
Western habits and dress sometimes leads to extravagance and 
an attitude of resentment toward restraint. In some places 
there is a recrudescence of Moslem fervour and bigotry and in 
others nationalistic fanaticism is dominant. Yet it is still true 
that only one per cent of Moslem women are literate. 


1. Evangelization of the Educated Classes. 


(a) By personal contact. In view of the position of leader. 
ship which the one per cent of literate women take among their 
sisters there is need for much fuller exploration of opportuni- 
ties for personal evangelism through contacts made by such 
methods as ‘‘at homes,’’ literary clubs, common effort for social 
welfare, and above all through alumne societies and individ- * 
ual visiting among the former pupils of mission schools. 

(b) By literature. There is great need for a Christian maga- 
zine literature for such women and girls, containing stories and 
articles on home-making and the care and training of children; 
while helpful romances and biographies in the vernaculars (and 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 37 


also in French for Mediterranean Moslem lands) are needed to 
take the place of much harmful literature and to carry a Chris- 
tian message to these increasingly active minds. 


2. Evangelization of the Illiterate Masses. 


(a) Need for more workers. Probably 100,000,000 Moslem 
women and girls are still unreached and can be brought into 
touch with the message of Christ only through a very large in- 
crease of workers. If such workers are forthcoming they will 
find great opportunities owing to recent changes of attitude re- 
sulting in many places in a spirit of eager listening where there 
was formerly indifference or hostility. 

(b) Methods of work. There is boundless room for the devel- 
opment of direct evangelistic work along such lines as the fol- 
lowing: infant welfare centres with Gospel teaching; village lan- 
tern meetings; social and instructional gatherings held in pri- 
mary schools for the mothers of pupils; Gospel story-telling, if 
possible by workers specially trained in telling stories to an 
Kastern audience, with responsive choruses in rhyme to be lilted 
to an oriental air. 

(c) Literature needed. A picture literature and a new de- 
velopment of Gospel lyrics and tales in the simplest language is 
needed for workers among illiterate women. 


3. Educational Needs. 


A fresh opening for evangelism is found in the strong desire 
for education so remarkably increased in post-war years and 
the readiness to accept it through Christian schools. In cer- 
tain areas there is widening scope for teaching of university 
oerade to Moslem students. In practically every field education 
of high school grade is eagerly demanded. As most Moslem 
girls will find their vocation in home life, courses in home eco- 
nomics adapted to the special circumstances of the country are 
recommended while commercial and social service courses al- 
ready have a place in some quarters. That the evangelistic 
opportunity be used to its full extent we recognize the need 
for whole-hearted Christian teachers and would lay great stress 
on the necessity for normal training in all its branches, including 


38 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WoRKERS AMONG MosiEms 1924 


athletics and kindergarten methods. We would also earnestly 
call the attention of those in the home countries who have re- 
ceived such training to the important field for service open to 
them in Moslem lands where their help is so urgently needed. 
We would also advise the careful study of the report of the 
Fraser Commission on Village Education in India, and the 
adoption of the direct method of teaching to read along the 
lines used so successfully by the Village Teachers’ Training 
School at Moga in the Punjab, India. Attention is called to the 
fact that this School also publishes in English a most valuable 
monthly educational journal known as The Village Teachers’ 
Journal, which might well be in the hands of every person who 
has anything to do with primary education in any mission land. 


4, Social Work for Women. 


(a) Medical Aid. There are to-day unlimited needs and oppor- 
tunities for work with and through women in attendance of 
maternity cases, in child welfare centres, in the visits of nurses 
to homes, and in the giving of lessons and demonstrations on 
health questions and sanitary methods. Where it is possible the 
training of a Christian nursing profession is of primary im- 
portance. 

(b) Publicity Work. It is of great importance that Chris- 
tian women workers should study and then strive to educate 
public opinion in regard to such matters as regulation and segre- 
gation; since so many local authorities, both native and foreign, 
are woefully ignorant as to modern methods of dealing with and 
attempting to restrict vice. 

(ce) Rescue Work. There is a need for Christian social work 
of rescue, which in different areas may take various forms such 
as rescue of babies bought and sold, sheltering of divorced girls 
and young widows, or rescue of women and girls of immoral life, 
or work against evil conditions of child labour. ; 

(d) Protective Work. Christian social work may also take 
the form of care of women and girls in hostels and orphanages, 
the gradual development of interest in recreation, physical edu- 
cation clubs, classes, and among the younger girls and adoles- 
cents a programme that will be character-forming. 





GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 39 


(e) Christian women in Moslem lands may often render val- 
uable service to their Moslem sisters who are working for the 
uplift of womanhood by getting alongside them to encourage 
and inspire them in their struggle for freedom. 


5. Training of Eastern Women Workers. 


The training of women evangelists and Bible women has 
often been most inadequate and the status of these workers has 
not been such as to attract women with more advanced educa- 
tion. There is serious loss to the balance of community life 
and to full Christian witness in the fact that wives of men work- 
ers very rarely have such a training as fits them to be help- 
meets in Christian service. Provision should be made for the 
adequate training of wives of married students in training for 
paid Christian service. There is need for training centres in 
important stations to fit women for work amongst their Moslem 
sisters. In addition, station classes, as so widely used in China, 
must be held periodically to offer residential courses for workers’ 
wives and other women unable to secure a longer training. In 
this work the co-operation of men workers is most desirable in 
impressing upon husbands the duty of helping their wives to 
profit by opportunities for training. 


6. Position of Women in the Church in Moslem Lands. 


If the responsibility of training, accepting, and shepherding 
candidates for baptism is to fall upon the Church rather than 
upon the missionary, there will be need of women in the councils 
of the Church who are trained to do this work and to decide upon 
the fitness of candidates. The life and the teaching of the Chris- 
tian cbngregation should be carefully planned to foster holy and 
healthy relationships in work and life between its men and 
women members. Such training needs special emphasis in Mos- 
lem lands in compensation for the prevalent ideas of woman- 
hood. Any failure on the part of the Church itself to educate 
its women and girls, or to move forward in raising the status of 
women and training them to take an increasing share in the 
Church’s work and councils, may unwittingly tend to endorse 


40 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEmMs 1924 


the very estimate of women which we are challenging and so 
distort the systematic growth of the body of Christ on earth. 


7. Supreme Importance of Work for Women. 


Owing to the fact that the mother’s influence over the chil- 
dren, both boys and girls, up to about ten years of age is para- 
mount, and that women are the conservative element in the 
defense of their faith, we believe that missionary bodies ought 
to lay far more emphasis on work for Moslem women as a means 
for hastening the evangelization of Moslem lands. 


IX. Co-operation 


The Conference notes with the deepest gratitude to God the 
erowing desire for co-operation on the part of the various 
agencies working in Western Asia and Northern Africa, and 
recommends a continued and determined effort to realize its 
fullest benefits; it being understood that co-operation is intended 
to help all the forces seeking to evangelize the Moslems and to 
establish the Kingdom of God and to make their fullest contri- 
bution to the total task, by conserving, co-ordinating, and 
strengthening them; and not to set up anything resembling a 
super-board which might interfere with the liberty and initia- 
tive of individuals and societies. 

In the light of this we recommend :— 


1. Strengthening of Regional Councils. 


That the various regional councils or co-operative movements 
now existing in various stages of development be advised fur- 
ther to strengthen their organization and widen their scope, 
becoming constantly more inclusive, and more effective in in- 
fluencing the adequate occupation of their respective fields. 


2. Effecting Closer Relationship between Native Churches and 
Missionaries. 
That every effort be made to effect a closer relationship be- 


tween the native Churches and agencies on the one hand and 
the foreign missionaries on the other, the method in each case 





GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 41 


being adapted to the special and peculiar conditions which ob- 
tain in the particular area concerned. 


3. How Christian Agencies May Best Utilize Their Forces. 

That the Christian agencies in each region or of the entire 
area repeatedly study how best to conserve and utilize their 
forces, by uniting wherever possible in such activities as making 
surveys, considering the question of redistribution of missionary 
forces, the production and distribution of literature, the con- 
duct of higher and other educational work, the preparation of 
missionaries, teachers, evangelists, and other agents, and such 
other work as may lend itself to co-operative effort. 


4, A Christian Council Needed for Northern Africa and Western 
Asia. 

The Conference has reviewed with interest the development 
of the national Christian Councils in China, Japan, and India, 
enabling the Christian forces in those areas not only to in- 
crease opportunities for co-operation on the field, but to speak 
with a united voice to the Home Church. 

The Conference is convinced that the time has come for the 
formation of a Council representing the various Christian 
agencies and conferences in North Africa; Egypt, Northern 
Sudan, and Abyssinia; Syria and Palestine; Turkey and the 
Balkans; Arabia and Mesopotamia; and Persia. We, therefore, 
recommend that a Preliminary Committee be appointed at this 
time to formulate a plan for a Council for Western Asia and 
Northern Africa, to present it to the various agencies con- 
cerned, and to confer with the International Missionary Coun- 
cil concerning affiliation to that body. Pending the adoption 
of the permanent plan of organization the Preliminary Com- 
mittee shall seek to conserve and promote the realization of the 
findings of this and of other committees of the Conference. 


5. Prayer for Unity. 

Finally, adopting the words of our brethren in Japan, we 
realize that no practical co-operation can take the place of that 
unity of faith which can come only by the gift of God in answer 


42. CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuEMs 1924 


to prayer, and through a real desire on the part of all to learn 
the whole mystery of faith, not only as each body has received 
it, but also as it has been given to others. We, therefore, call 
upon all Christians in Western Asia and Northern Africa to 
engage in united prayer for the realization of the unity for 
which our Lord Himself prayed. 


X. The Spiritual Dynamic 


This Committee would submit to the Conference the follow- 
ing Findings: 


Preamble. 

The only spiritual dynamic is the Living Spirit.of the Cruci- 
fied and Risen Christ Himself. The whole Moslem world is 
awaiting the release of this vital force through human personali- 
ties vitalized by this Holy Spirit and witnessing with a new 
power to the Cross of Christ as the central fact of faith and 
life. We submit that the spiritual dynamic for such a com- 
pelling witness is, in the good purpose of God, always avail- 
able. But there is nothing in the Bible or in the experience of 
the Church to suggest that it is available cheaply. Each marked 
release of the Holy Spirit of God in human lives must be at 
the cost of definite surrender and prayer. We find, therefore, 
that the situation in missions to the Moslem world calls for defi- 
nite action along the following lines :— 


1, Change of Emphasis in the Life of the Missionary. 


A change of emphasis in the life of the missionary and of 
the community associated with him. 

(a) A mission house under modern conditions tends to be- 
come a home of organization and of good works. We submit that 
it must be equally a home of prayer even at the cost of refusing 
some other opportunities for service. 

(b) We suggest that local governing bodies, in allocating 
staff, should rather leave work unattempted than crowd work- 
ers’ lives until only short and weary hours are left for commu- 
nion with God and for intercession. 


| 





GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 43 


(c) We submit also that such bodies should hope for and 
gladly accept a special vocation to the work of prayer on the 
part of some of their members and should so plan that those on 
whose heart God lays this burden shall be able to fulfil their 
ministry. 

(d) We submit that not only private prayer but communal 
worship should have a more central place in the daily activi- 
ties of any missionary group and the Oriental brethren associ- 
ated with them, and that fuller exploration should be made of 
the possibilities of small prayer circles, of retreats and conven- 
tions; and that far more use should be made of communal sea- 
sons of silent waiting upon God. 


2. A Change of Emphasis in the Policy of Home Boards. 


We submit to the home boards :— 

(a) That the life of worship is equally important with the life 
of more outward activity in any mission community and that 
boards should definitely plan in the staffing of institutions or 
stations for such freedom from pressure as shall leave space for 
this. 

(b) That since the devotional life, especially in the spiritual 
atmosphere of Moslem countries must, along with joy, involve 
suffering and wrestling with spiritual wickedness in high places, 
the training of missionary candidates must include definite teach- 
ing and discipline in the use of seasons of devotion. 


3. Effect of Such Change of Emphasis. 


We suggest that such'a change of emphasis will in itself prove 
fruitful as a witness in the Moslem world. 
~ (a) A mission house which is as much a home of prayer as 
of other work and is known to be so, is in itself a witness that 
God is given the first place in life. 

(b) In communion with God differences between Eastern and 
Western mentality cease to count, common worship may be the 
greatest unifying force between Oriental and Western workers 
and may eall forth that sacrificial living which no amount of 
able organization and teaching can demand. 


44 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosiEMs 1924 


(ec) There is a quality in the lives of those who are much 
with Jesus which is recognized by non-Christians and is a surer 
witness than a vast output of work. 


Conference Members 


Adams, Miss Kathryn N., Constantinople College, Constantinople. 

Ahlbert, Rev. Gustaf, Sv. Missionsforbundet, Stockholm, Sweden. 

Bishop, Rey. Eric, English College, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Blackmore, Rev. J. T. C., Fort National, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Boyd, Rev. J. H., American Mission, Tanta, Egypt. 

Brown, Mrs. G. Graham, 121 Bath Street, Glasgow, Scotland. 

Brown, Miss Lettie J., Y. W. C. A, Beirit, Syria. 

Buchanan, Miss C. M., ” Lit.D., American Girls’ College, Cairo, Egypt. 

Cooksey, Rev. Joseph oy a1ELO Rue Marceau, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Crawford, Rev. J. Stewart, American University, Beirfit, Syria. 

Cuendet, Rev. E., 107 Rue Michelet, Algiers, Algeria. 

Dewairy, Sheikh Metry, 44 Faggala, Cairo, Egypt. 

Enderlin, Rev. Jacob 8., Acre, Palestine. 

Frease, Rev. Edwin F., D.D., 5 Rue Joinville, Algiers, Algeria. 

Frease, Mrs., 5 Rue Joinville, Algiers, Algeria. 

Gairdner, Canon W. H. T., 35 Sharia il Falaki, Cairo, Egypt. 

Gates, President C. F., Robert College, Constantinople. 

Goodsell, Rev. Fred F., American Bible House, Constantinople. 

Gwynne, Right Rey. Bishop L. H., Bishop’s House, Kasr el Dubara, Cairo. 

Harte, A. CAGED Na Sli (On aN ‘Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Huntington, Mrs. George is; Robert College, Constantinople. 

Ismail, Professor M. M., Forman Christian College, Lahore, India. 

Jago, Rev. E. O., Christian and Missionary Alliance, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Jones, Miss Alice W., Friends Girls’ School, Ramallah, Palestine. 

Jones, Rev. L. Bevan, 19 Furnival Street, Holborn, London, E. ©. 4, 
England, 

Jones, Mrs. V. R. Bevan, 19 Furnival Street, Holborn, London, E. C. 4., 
England. 

Karim, Rev. Mufid Abdul, American Press, Beirtt, Syria. 

Lamme, Miss Edith D., American Mission, Urmia, Persia. 

Lasbrey, F. O., M.D., C. M. 8. Hospital, Old Cairo, Egypt. 

Levonian, Professor L., 54 St. Alexander’s Street, Old Phaleron, Athens, 
Greece. 

Linton, Right Rev. J. H., C. M. 8. House, Salisbury Square, London, 
E. C. 4, England. 

MacCallum, Rev. F. W., Bible House, Constantinople. 

MacInnes, Right Rev. Rennie, St. George’s Cathedral, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

MeClenahan, Principal R. 8., American University, Cairo, Egypt. 

MeNaughton, Dre Jieeee American Bible House, Constantinople. 

Mansour, Kamel Effendi, American Mission, Ezbekia, Cairo, Egypt. 


Moorhateh, Rev. Kasha Abraham, 731 North Clark St., Chicago, U. S. A. 


Nicol, Rev. James Houden, American Mission, Beirtt, Syria. 

Nielsen, Rev. Alfred, Danish Mission, Damascus, Syria. 

Nortier, Rev. C. W. , Zendings- -Consulaat, Kebon Sirih 34, Weltevreden, Java, 
Duteh E. Indies. 

Padwick, Miss Constance E., 35 Sharia il Falaki, Cairo, Egypt. 

Peet, Dr. W. W., American ’ Bible House, Constantinople. 

Pennings, Rev. G, J., Orange City, Iowa, U. 8. A, 


i i a 


GENERAL CONFERENCE AT JERUSALEM 45 


Pennings, Mrs., Orange City, Iowa, U. S. A. 

Pittman, Rev. Charles R., American Mission, Tabriz, Persia. 

Putney, Miss Ethel W., American Bible House, Constantinople. 

Raquette, Pastor G., Sv. Missionsférbundet, Stockholm, Sweden. 

Reed, Rev. Cass Arthur, International College, Smyrna, Turkey. 

Roden, Rev. Nils, G6vre Slottsgatan 12, Upsala, Sweden. 

Russell, President C. P., Asyfit College, Asyfait, Egypt. 

Saleh, Rev. Tawfik, Asyit College, Asyit, Egypt. 

Schuler, Rev. H. C., Tehran, Persia. 

Smith, Rev. Percy, Villa des Tourelles, El-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Smith, Wilbert B., Y. M. C. A., Cairo, Egypt. 

Stevens, Elbert C., 40 Rue Cabristan, Pera, Stamboul, Turkey. 

Swan, George, Egypt General Mission, Ezbet-el-Zeitoun, Egypt. 

Titus, Rev. M. T., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Moradabad, India. 

Trotter, Miss I. Lilias, Dar Naama, El-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Wilson, Rev. Ivan O., American Mission, Tehran, Persia. 

Wilson, Mrs., American Mission, Tehran, Persia. 

Young, Rev. John C., M.D., Foreign Missions Committee, United Free Church 
of Seotland, 121 George Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. 

Zoeckler, Rev. George F., Daulatabad, Malayia, Persia. 


REPRESENTING MISSIONARY SOCIETIES, ALSO VISITORS 
Anderson, Rev. W. B., D.D., United Presbyterian Board, Philadelphia, 
Cas 


Bickersteth, Rev. E. M., Missionary Council of the National Assembly of 
the Church of England, London, England. 

Cash, Rev. W. Wilson, C.M.S., Salisbury Square, London, England. 

Catford, Herbert H., Friends’ Foreign Mission Association, London, 
England. 

Davis, D. A., World’s Committee of the Y. M. C. A., Geneva, Switzerland. 

Emerson, Miss Mabel E., Women’s Board of Missions (Congregational), 
Boston, U. 8. A. 

Landes, Dr. W. G., World’s Sunday School Association, New York, U. 8. A. 

Logan, J. G., Egypt General Mission, London, England. 

Margoliouth, Professor D. 8., 88 Woodstock Road, Oxford, England. 

Mathews, Basil, 2 Eaton Gate, London, England. 

Mathews, Mrs., 2 Eaton Gate, London, England. 

Maury, Pierre, Paris Missionary Society and French Federation of Student 
Christian Associations, Paris, France. 

Mott, John R., LL.D., Chairman International Missionary Council and 
Chairman World’s Student Christian Federation, New York, U.S. A. 

Mott, Mrs., New York, U. 8S. A. 

Riggs, Rey. Ernest W., American Board, Boston, Mass. — 

Watson, Rev. Charles R., D.D., American University, Cairo, Egypt. 

Zwemer, Rev. 8. M., D.D., Cairo, Egypt. 

Zwemer, Mrs., Cairo, Egypt. 





CONSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 





CONSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 


I. Missionary Survey, Occupation, and Co-operation 


1. Survey. 

(a) It is considered of prime importance for the efficient 
occupation of the field that a thorough, scientific survey be made 
of the whole area of North Africa (from the borders of Egypt 
to the Atlantic and from the Mediterranean to the Sudan) ,— 
a survey by countries and regions; by density of population; 
and by linguistic, racial, social, religious, and other groups. 
There should also be a survey of special conditions in great 
city centres. 

(b) In this survey the valuable and extensive literature in 
French prepared by the Government, as well as privately, and 
dealing with many aspects of the above-mentioned points, should 
be utilized. This material is indispensable to give a clear idea 
of the conditions of this great field. 

(c) Such a survey would not be an end in itself, but a means 
of determining missionary policy and of facilitating the prepara- 
tion of workers for this field. 

(d) Such a survey would probably require two or three years 
for its accomplishment. To carry out the plan thoroughly, 
financial help from sources outside of regular mission budgets 
would be needed. 

(e) We wish to call attention to the eminently favourable situ- 
ation that North Africa occupies from a missionary point of 
view. It is across the Sahara that Islam penetrated the Sudan. 
By means of railways already authorized or projected across 
the Sahara, or by other modern means of transport, the Sudan 
will be opened up and developed. Moreover, trade and travel 
between Europe and South America are certain to flow across 
North Africa via Dakar which is only three days’ sailing from 

49 


50 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG Mos.iEms 1924 


Pernambuco, Brazil. North Africa will be more and more a 
great international route. In view of these considerations 
its importance for the rapid diffusion of the Gospel is most 
evident. 

(f) This Survey should be so thoroughly and scientifically 
made that it would become basic, and would require only a 
periodic review, say every five years, to keep it up to date. 

(g) The results of the Survey should be published in French 
or preferably in French and English, and made available for 
all who are especially concerned. 


2. Occupation. 

(a) Facts Showing the Extent of Unoccupation. North 
Africa was swept clean of Christians as a result of the Moslem 
invasion. There remained not one of the thousands of Chris- 
tian churches. For eleven centuries Islam was supreme, and 
the only religion in the vast regions, from Morocco through Al- 
geria, Tunisia, and Tripoli to the borders of Egypt, over 2,000 
miles, stretching to and beyond the Great Sahara desert for 
1,500 miles to the south. 

After the French occupation, commencing in 1830, the Re- 
formed and Lutheran Churches of France were formed among 
the French population in the great centres and in a number of 
smaller French communities. The Paris Evangelical Mission- 
ary Society made attempts at missionary work among Moslems 
in North Africa as early as 1832, but as the Government re- 
fused authorization the effort was discontinued. Under Cardi- 
nal Lavigerie, the Roman Catholic Church made a great effort, 
but may be said to have fallen far short of realizing his 
objective. 

Various evangelical agencies for work among Moslems have 
entered the field since 1881, the only organized church among 
them being the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

The survey of the field shows that the great cities and many * 
of the towns, and some points in the populous mountain region 
of Kabylia, and two new stations on the borders of the Great 
Sahara have been occupied. It should be noted, however, that 
on the main railway line of communication from Fez to Oran, 





CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 51 


300 miles; between Algiers and Constantine, another 300 miles; 
and from Constantine to Tunis, again 300 miles, there is not a 
single mission station. Similarly on the railway lines from the 
coast to the Sahara there is no mission between Oran and 
Colomb-Bechar, a distance of 400 miles, nor between Constantine 
and Touggourt, another 300 miles, except one independent mis- 
sion at Biskra. Dotted along these railways and away on both 
sides of them are French settlements and colonists amid the na- 
tive population, all of them reachable also by excellent French 
roads. Schools, commerce, and other factors and influences 
make these native populations entirely accessible. 

The great Aures Mountains, similar to Kabylia, present an- 
other great unoccupied field, with the exception of the town of 
Tebessa, as do the high plateaus, the Saharan Atlas ranges, and 
the central populous mountain region of Morocco. Moreover, 
save two outposts at Tozeur in Southern Tunisia, and Tolga, 
near Biskra, the immense Sahara, with its many oases and 
nomad tribes is entirely unoccupied. 

In the whole of Tripoli with its million or more people, Tripoli 
City alone is occupied by one missionary. 

The first great need, therefore, is for an intensive occupa- 
tion, that is, (1) to fill up the above-indicated gaps between 
existing stations on the great arteries of communication; (2) 
to establish within supporting distance of each other additional 
stations in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and other partially occu- 
pied regions; and (3) to complete the occupation of the cities 
and towns in which the greater part of the quarters and popu- 
lation remain untouched and in which there is need for the ade- 
quate development of institutional work. 

The second great need is for the extensive and progressive 
occupation of the ‘‘regions beyond’’ already indicated. The 
great Sudan appears destined to be opened up, developed, and 
civilized across the Sahara rather than across the seas and the 
deadly coast climate. The significance of this for missionary 
effort in North Africa is indeed great and startling. It will con- 
stitute a base for advance into Central Africa, and afford a 
training ground for indigenous missionaries, while at the same 


52 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


time the Moslem forces in North Africa are being checked and 
placed on the defensive. 

It is especially to be noted with gratitude that because of the 
enlightened policy of the Government, there is genuine free- 
dom of action throughout the vast reaches of French North 
Africa, 

(b) Hatent of Missionary Occupation. Turning to the ques- 
tion of missionary forces in North Africa as a whole, we find 
that the total number of European and native Christian work- 
ers of all classes at present in this field is about 250, of whom 
over one-third are French in nationality or language. In one 
great field of Asia which already has one Christian worker for 
every 5,000 of the population, they call insistently for still more 
workers. To bring the missionary forces of North Africa up to 
one for 5,000 of the population, they must be increased twelve- 
fold! 

(c) Considerations Bearing on Use of Reinforcements. In 
forecasting the missionary reinforcements several considerations 
need to be kept clearly in mind :— 

(1) The field is not a unit. Geographically it is not a unit 
for there are great differences in climate and other conditions. 

(2) The Moslem population is divided by race into Arab and 
Berber sections. Then again into subdivisions of great diver- 
sity. This will require a first grouping or division of the mis- 
sionary forces. The population is divided by language—again 
Arabic and Berber. But language and race lines do not co- 
incide. Hence another complication in the division and train- 
ing of missionary forces. Across both these groups run several 


lines of division. To begin with there are the nomads, the semi- 


nomads, and the sedentary sections. Moreover, there are the 
city dwellers, the mountaineers, the plainsmen, and the desert 
tribes. There is also the widest divergence in education, cul- 
ture, and civilization. There is, likewise, the division into the 


Moslem sects, and the great brotherhoods. It is clear that the, 


effective missionary occupation of the field must make provi- 
sion for these varied needs. 

Missionary expectancy has radically changed during recent 
years. Not so long ago the missionaries considered themselves 


CONSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE Da 


as an entrenched line, almost on the defensive. To-day, in face 
of new situations and possibilities, they are full of hope and 
anticipation and believe the day has come for a great, well- 
conceived, united, and sustained advance. 


3. Co-operation. 


(a) We recognize with gratitude to God that degree of co- 
operation between the Christian forces which has already been 
experienced in different parts of North Africa, and earnestly 
desire to see this more widely extended and become mutually 
more helpful. The missions and missionaries in their relation to 
the Evangelical Churches desire through consultation and 
other means to discover and do the will of God with reference 
to their common responsibility toward the non-Christian 
population. 

(b) There should be held regular conferences of mission- 
aries, indigenous Christian leaders, and representatives of the 
Churches and of other Christian agencies for purposes of fel- 
lowship, common counsel, and united intercession. 

(ec) There shall be an Ad-Interim Committee, composed 
somewhat in proportion to the number of Christian workers in 
the different Christian agencies, which shall be responsible for 
arranging for conferences and for rendering such other co-oper- 
ative services on behalf of the Christian forces of North Africa 
as may be desired by them. Up to the close of the next Confer- 
ence, it shall be composed of the following :— 

Dr. E. F. Frease (Methodist Episcopal Mission), Chair- 
man 

EK. Cuendet (North Africa Mission), Vice-Chairman 

Perey Smith (Methodist Episcopal Mission), Secretary- 
Treasurer 


C. Bonnet (British and Foreign Bible Society) 
R. Capelle (Eglise Réformée Evangélique) 

J. J. Cooksey (Methodist Episcopal Mission) 
EK. Girardin (Methodist Episcopal Mission) 
Miss Roche (Algiers Mission Band) 


54 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEms 1924 


E. Rolland (French Evangelical Mission) 

Miss Emily Smith (Methodist Episcopal Mission) 
Miss Trotter (Algiers Mission Band) 

T. J. P. Warren (North Africa Mission) 

To the foregoing are to be added the following: from the 
Eglise Réformée Evangélique—one; from the Eglise Réformée— 
one; from the Eglise Luthérienne—one. 

(d) The leaders of the Christian forces should co-operate (1) 
im making surveys, in research and study of missionary prob- 
lems, and in the building up and utilization of a library and 
archives bearing on their field and problems; (2) in the pro- 


duction and dissemination of Christian literature, including a 


central agency for publication and sale; (3) in furthering lan- 
guage study and other aspects of the preparation of mission- 
aries and Christian workers; (4) in evangelistic effort; (5) in 
the care of converts who may move to a station occupied by 
another mission or church; (6) in industrial effort; (7) in social 
activities; and (8) in intercession. 


II. Evangelization 


1. The Present Opportunity. 

The wide freedom now enjoyed for missionary work among 
Moslems in North Africa constitutes an appeal for a much 
larger effort on their behalf. The increasing accessibility of 
Moslems is characteristic throughout Algeria. Political and 
social changes in Tunisia are beginning to modify notably its 
well-known Moslem intolerance of the Christian message. In 
the case of Southern Algeria and Tunisia, Moslem brotherhoods, 
among whom are found many students and mystics, can be ap- 
proached with a spiritual presentation of Christianity. 


2. The Native Evangelist. 

The native evangelist should be required to show clear proof 
of change of heart and life. He should be carefully trained in 
a thorough knowledge of his native tongue, and of the French 
language. He should be encouraged to assume initiative and 
responsibility. His Christian value could be largely increased 


OO a 


CONSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 55 


by close co-operation with the workers of other missions engaged 
in similar work. He should have a thorough knowledge of the 
Moslem controversy, in order to serve as a guide from its en- 
tanglements into the liberty of Christ. But his chief concern 
should be to excel in presenting the Christian message with con- 
vincing power. A course of simple manual training and regular 
participation in recreational games is also recommended in or- 
der to help multiply contacts with those to be reached. The 
voluntary services of unpaid native helpers should be assiduously 
sought and greatly prized. 


3. The Needed Message. 

The central message must be the Person, and the redeeming 
work of the Lord Jesus Christ. The winning of men in conver- 
sion, and obedience to Him, must be our constant concern. To 
achieve this purpose we would emphasize a direct appeal to the 
heart and conscience, rather than engage in dogmatic con- 
troversy. Where controversy cannot be avoided we would pur- 
sue it only so far as reasonably to remove honest difficulties, 
and so far as possible choose our own ground. We rest our 
chief confidence:in a vital presentation of Christ as the Saviour 
of sinful men. 


4. The Care of Converts. 

We consider it advisable that Moslem converts should be 
formed into separate Churches. They should be carefully 
tested by a period of probation. Meetings where they can bear 
their testimony, and opportunities for public distribution of 
Christian literature, are considered a helpful means of Chris- 
tian development. In addition to careful instruction in the 
Seriptures we recommend the provision of social and recrea- 
tional helps, so that the convert may be protected, and by vari- 
ous means built up and encouraged. 

We recommend that any converts who by their change of 
faith may experience great difficulty in obtaining employment 
should be helped to find employment, and where needed tem- 
porary relief should be provided. The help of European Chris- 
tians should also be sought, to meet this great and recurring dif- 


56 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosiEMs 1924 


ficulty. We recommend also the creation of a distributing centre 
for the sale of articles made by Moslem converts in their homes, 
in order to help them to obtain a measure of independent 
support. fi, 


5. The Church Services. . 

We recommend that in services for Moslem converts, ritual 
should be sparingly used, and the emphasis laid upon finding 
a form which will make for reverence and worship. Melodies 
and chants of an Oriental character—free from objectionable 
associations—should, if possible, be increasingly used. The aim 
should be so to frame the service that it will make the maximum 
appeal to the native mind and heart. 


III. The Christian Church 


Attention should be called to three aspects of the history and 
experience of the Christian Church in the North African field: 


Early Christian Churches in North Africa. 


The early Christian Churches which existed in tHoHeestae in 
this region have entirely disappeared leaving no living trace. 
From the second century of the Arab conquest down to recent 
times, a period of over a thousand years, Islam reigned supreme. 


Church of Rome. 


Among the present-day European settlers in North Africa 
numbering over a million (in Algeria they comprise one-sixth 
of the population) the Church of Rome is nominally dominant. 
This Church has little effective missionary work among the na- 
tives of the country. 


Churches for European Protestants. 


The Protestant Churches, very sparsely distributed through- 
out this country, exist primarily for the shepherding of Euro- ° 
pean Protestants. Many of these are widely dispersed and, 
owing to the inadequate number of pastors, they are insuffi- 
ciently cared for. The lapsing of not a few of the scattered 
Europeans into un-Christian ways of living constitutes a hin- 


CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 57 


drance to the evangelization of the Moslem population. With 
the exception of two or three stations, the Protestant Churches 
of France are not now undertaking any missionary work among 
the natives. Reference should be made to the sympathetic and 
effective help rendered to mission work by many of the pastors 
and members of these Churches, 


Points to Be Emphasized in Building Up Native Churches. 


We would emphasize the following findings :— 

1. In connection with missionary work we note the ex- 
istence of eight native congregations organized as churches. 
In the majority of these the Kabyle element predominates, 
the work amongst the Arabs being relatively less advanced. 
The goal before the missionary forces is to develop here as 
in other fields autonomous, self-supporting, self-propagat- 
ing native churches. 

2. We should lay to heart the great lesson of the appal- 
ling effect which the lamentable divisions among those 
Christians of ancient times produced. Combined with the 
decrease in. missionary zeal it contributed largely to the 
complete disappearance of the early Christian Church in 
North Africa. 

3. We must strive in all things to maintain the spirit of 
Christian unity for which Christ prayed. 

4. We must sustain and augment the vital and conquer- 
ing power of the new-born native Christian Church. 

5. It is important that all native converts be attached to 
some living Christian Church. 

6. The existence of strong European Churches reaching 
out and affording adequate pastoral care for scattered 
European populations cannot fail as an object lesson to 
make a great impression on the non-Christian natives. 


IV. Christian Education 


1. The Most Fruitful Method. 
It is the opinion of the Conference that the method most 
likely to produce real results in the Christianization of the Mos- 


58 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosiEmMs 1924 


lem population is that of educating and training young chil- 
dren. This education may be accomplished in the following 
ways: 

(a) In day nurseries for native babies. 

(b) In Homes for boys and girls. 

(ec) In primary mission schools. 

(d) In Sunday Schools and Bible classes. 

(e) In Christian industrial institutions. 


2. The Fundamental Idea. 

The fundamental idea in all these branches of work is to 
form the character and develop the will of the child; and the 
acknowledged aim is to lead him to a personal knowledge of 
Christ as his Saviour and to a definite consecration to His 
service. The complete education of the body, the mind, and the 
spirit can be best, if not solely, realized in homes, either private 
or institutional, where the child is constantly under Christian 
supervision. 


3. Boys’ and Girls’ Homes. 

The real purpose of the Boys’ Home is to train a Christian 
ministry—to prepare leaders of thought worthy of taking their 
places by the side of the best trained Europeans. The aim of 
the Girls’ Homes is the same, but for the present, Christian 
marriage (the founding of Christian families) seems to provide 


the best means for them to exercise a salutary influence on their 
people. Later an increasing percentage of the girls from the 


Homes will undoubtedly be trained as nurses, Bible women, and 
teachers. 


4. Industrial School. 


We would urge the immediate founding of a Christian indus- , 


trial school for boys where the lads of the Homes who are not 
suited for intellectual pursuits and others may be trained in 
the various trades. The model industrial school would be one 
which would train its students to build a house from bottom 
to top. 


CONSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 59 


5. Scope of Work in Homes. 

It is recommended that all the children in the Homes, girls 
as well as boys, should be required so far as possible, to obtain 
at least the certificate of the primary school, and also a reading 
knowledge of their own language. It is understood that all 
encouragement should be given to those capable of following 
more advanced courses. 


6. Mission Schools. 

Mission schools for native girls, giving instruction in secular 
as well as in other subjects, should be opened in regions where 
Government Schools do not yet exist. This of course will 
be done only with the authorization and approval of the 
Government, 


7. Means of Recruiting Workers. 

We believe that a most valuable method of recruiting young 
men and boys of ability for Christian service is that of estab- 
lishing well conducted student hostels or other forms of Chris- 
tian work among students. 


V. Work among Children and Young People 


1. Importance and Opportunity. 

The work among children and young people in North Africa 
is of primary importance and should be put in the forefront of 
our missionary programme. 

(a) Islam begins its work early. Therefore, we must seek 
to get in first, and to bring the children to know 
Christ as their personal Saviour and Lord, before the 
blighting influence of Mohammedanism has made it- 
self felt. 

(b) At this moment of unprecedented opportunity not 
only is the Government favourable towards our work 
among native children, but its schools are preparing 
our way by breaking down prejudices and opening 
out new horizons. 


60 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEms 1924 


(c) By new methods of travel North Africa is being 
opened up as never before. Fresh possibilities of ac- 
cess to vast regions, unoccupied for Christ, are ours, 
and our responsibility towards the thousands of un- 
reached children in these places has a new urgency. 

(d) In parts of this field we are reaping what others have 
sown; we have the confidence of the parents who 
send their children to us willingly. 


2. Chief Needs. 
In seeking to take advantage of these urgent opportunities our 
chief needs are :— 

(a) Co-operation and collaboration between workers among 
children. This appears to be extremely necessary in 
order to make our plans more effective. 

(b) Many more missionaries who are qualified for work 
among Moslem children. These are needed for pioneer 
work and for development of existing work. 

(c) Discovery and training from among the children of 
those who show aptitude for Christian leadership. 

(d) More literature, prepared in Arabic, Kabyle, and 
French for Moslem children. 

(e) A Missionary specially prepared and set apart for the 
development of work among children and young 
people. His task would be:— 

(1) To give information, encouragement, and ad- 
vice to workers of all Societies in all parts 
of the field. 

(2) To co-ordinate individual effort. 

(3) To initiate new enterprises and to strengthen 
the existing work. 

(4) To create a depot where literature for chil- 
dren and young people and Sunday School 
material could be secured. 


3. Methods. 


In carrying on the work among children and young people 
the following are the methods suggested :— 


CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 61 


(a) Bible Teaching. This is of fundamental value and is 
absolutely necessary for children of all ages. It may 
be given individually or in Sunday School or evangel- 
istic classes, but to have its full effect it should be 
aided: (1) By the use of pictures, magic-lanterns, 
hymns, object lessons, and expression work. (2) By 
the use of courses of graded lessons. Such courses 
are being prepared for Moslem children. In these 
courses should be incorporated teaching on such sub- 
jects as temperance, purity, and gambling. (3) By 
a series of leaflets for workers among children. It 
would be most helpful if such a series could be pro- 
duced dealing with the methods and the organization 
of Christian teaching of Moslem children. 

(b) Christian Training. Bible teaching should form part 
of a great process, namely, Christian Training. By 
this training the children and young people will be 
made to realize what the Christian life means. 
Through camps, societies, and supervised games we 
shall take them out of their Moslem surroundings and 
shall give them opportunity to decide for Christ, and 
to develop rightly—physically, mentally, morally, and 
spiritually. 

(c) Societies. These are at present in an elementary stage 
among our children and young people. Where they 
have been tried, e.g., ‘‘girl guides’’ for girls, and ‘‘boy 
scouts’’ for boys, they have been a great help to our 
work among young people, and it is clearly desirable 
to increase the number of such societies. 

(d) Social work is necessary if we are to help the children in 
body, mind and spirit. Such undertakings as (1) aid 
to destitute children; (2) care of the sick; (3) teach- 
ing of blind children; (4) training in industries and 
giving work to unemployed; (5) teaching of cleanli- 
ness and hygiene; (6) prevention of child marriage,— 
are all urgently needed and should be increasingly 
carried on, 


62 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEems 1924 


VI. Christian Literature 


1. North African Survey of Christian Literature. 

We recommend that the North African Survey on Christian 
Literature for Moslems be revised, condensed, and brought up 
to date, and in all its essential points be printed as a guide to 
future policy in the co-operative production and circulation of 
Christian literature. This Survey contains programmes of liter- 
ature greatly needed. 


2. Languages to Be Employed. 


Literature for Moslems in North Africa should be provided 
in the following languages: (a) Literary Arabic; (b) Modern 
North African Arabic; (c) certain Berber dialects; (d) 
French, and eventually Italian and Spanish. As a general 
rule, to these different languages correspond different types of 
literature applying to different phases of culture and to differ- 
ent types of the one general Moslem mentality. In regions where 
French education is established bi-lingual literature is espe- 
cially useful. 


3. Literature for Different Groups. 


A closer approach is possible through special literature for 
different classes such as Brotherhoods (Moslem Mysticism) and 
illustrated literature for boys and girls. 


4. The Discovery and Development of Writers. 


The development of native Christian authorship constitutes 
at present our greatest difficulty because of the smallness of the 
native Christian community in North Africa. It is essential 
that we discover and utilize native ability—(a) through associa- 
tion in literature work with missionaries; (b) by prizes offered, 
to stimulate initiative, for the best tract stories or other pieces 
of literature. 

It would facilitate the discovery of writers among the mis- 
sionaries if once in every six months all the rough material pre- 
pared by them could be sent to the Local Inter-Missionary Liter- 
ature Committee, or to some person appointed by it who would 


CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 63 


examine the material and advise as to its suitability for 
publication. 


5. Circulation of Literature. 


(a) Of Scriptures. It is recommended that a study be made 
to find the best method of co-operation between the British and 
Foreign Bible Society and the different missions or missionaries 
working in North Africa. 

(b) Of other literature. We would emphasize the opportu- 
nity that lies open to all Christians in this field, especially to all 
Christian workers, to be constant disseminators of literature. 


6. Co-operation in Literature Production and Diffusion. 


We would express the conviction that all literature, except 
specifically denominational publications, should be produced 
on a co-operative plan. There is absolutely no need for re- 
duplication of effort. We wish to acknowledge publicly the 
considerable funds granted by the American Christian Litera- 
ture Society for Moslems for literature produced by co-opera- 
tion. The co-operation inaugurated through the formation of 
the Inter-Missionary Committee should be made more effective 
by more frequent meetings of the Committee, or at least of a 
sub-committee at Algiers. There should also be closer relations 
with the A. C. L. 8. M. while awaiting the larger plans of co- 
operative production in connection with the central Bureau for 
Arabic-speaking Lands that it is proposed to set up in Cairo. 
We would commend to the favourable consideration and action 
of the General Conference in Jerusalem the proposals of the 
Literature Committees of the Missionary Conferences in North 
America and Great Britain with reference to the establishment 
of a Co-ordinating Committee on Christian Literature for 
Moslems. 


7. The Moslem World. 


We would urge that this quarterly be adopted as the com- 
mon organ of missions to Moslems (at least of those missions 


whose home base uses English) as a means of communication 
of thought and methods and of announcements of literature pre- 


64 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEmMs 1924 


pared in other lands. Any deficit in the publication of this 
quarterly should be covered by contributions from the missions 
co-operating. 


8. English Translations. 


We wish to emphasize here the great advantage that would 
be derived from the English translation of literature produced 
in other Moslem countries, wherever this is possible, with a view 
to translation into the different vernaculars of North Africa. 
A great enrichment of local Christian literature for Moslems 
would be the result. 


VII. Christian Leadership 


1. Forms of Service. 


In North Africa native Christian leaders and workers are 
urgently needed in the following forms of service :— 
Men Workers , 
(a) Pastor-evangelists. 
(b) Medical assistants. 
(c) Colporteur evangelists. 
(d) Assistants in Homes for boys and in student hostels. 
(e) Industrial workers. 
(£) Social workers. 
(g) Workers in Sunday Schools and among young people. 
Women Workers 
(a) Wives of Christian workers who themselves will be- 
come Christian workers. 
(b) Bible women. 
(ec) Assistants in Homes for girls. 
(d) Medical assistants. 
(e) School teachers. 
(f) Industrial helpers. : 
(g) Workers in Sunday Schools and among young people. 


2. Essential Qualifications. 


Qualifications which are essential for fruitful service are:— 
(a) Genuine experience of Christ as Saviour and Lord. 





CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 65 


(b) The spirit of service. 

(c) Strength of character. 

(d) Selection of the workers, other things being equal, from 
among those who are the best educated. 

(e) Careful attention to selecting those especially qualified 
for the different phases of work. 


3. Sources of Supply. 


The most hopeful fields from which to draw these workers are 
the Homes for boys and girls, the Christian families scattered 
throughout the country, and Christian boys and girls attending 
the Government Schools and evangelistic classes. 


4. Most Effective Methods of Recruiting. 


(a) Enlisting the active, constant co-operation of mission- 
aries and other Christian workers in the work of re- 
cruiting, with the recognition that this is the most 
highly multiplying work they can do. 

(b) Building up the Homes for boys and girls, and keep- 
ing constantly before the boys and girls in them the 
thought of Christian service for their own people, 
emphasizing always the appeal to the spirit of self- 
sacrifice and heroism. 

(c) The use and development of a suitable literature deal- 
ing with such subjects as Christian biography, the 
claims of one’s country and people, facts showing 
what the young people of other nations are doing for 
Christ, and the facilities which exist for the securing 
of preparation for life work. 

(d) Enlisting the intercession of those who realize the 
transcendent importance of increasing the number of 
workers called by God. 


5. Training Required. 
(a) The best facilities which the Government and other 
Schools can provide. 
(b) The courses of the Bible Institute or other similar in- 
stitutions as far as applicable. 


66 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


(c) Testing in actual experience in the various forms of 
service. 
(d) A suitable amount of manual training. 


(e) Instruction in hygiene, in first aid, and in the general 


eare of the sick. 
(f{) An efficient knowledge of their own language. 
(g) For women and girls, domestic economy. 


6. The Status of Workers. 

The settled policy should be that of placing indigenous work- 
ers, as fast as they are qualified, on a footing of equality in 
status and responsibility with the missionary. They should be 
regarded as co-labourers. The carrying out of this policy calls 
for the exercise of the greatest wisdom and discretion. 


VIII. Preparation of Missionaries 


The work of the missionary among Moslems in North Africa 
to-day is such as to require workers who not only possess the 
largest ability but also have acquired the most thorough and 
highly specialized preparation. In order that this may be best 
accomplished it is important that the candidates for the Mos- 
lem field should be selected as early in life as possible. 


1. Preparation Which Should Be Secured, if Practicable, before 
Coming to the Field. 

(a) A regular college course. 

(b) Wherever possible, a theological education in connection 
with which are special studies in Arabic and Islamics and the his- 
tory of North Africa including the Christian Church. The 
study of Hebrew in connection with the theological course is of 
great value for those who are to work for Moslems in Arabic- 
speaking countries. 


(c) In the case of women missionaries, the equivalent to the’ 


theological course for men would be the full course of the Bible 

Institutes, or of the higher grade missionary training schools. 
(d) Special training for special tasks—medical, industrial, 

social, and recreational work—will also be ealled for. All of 


CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 67 


these, in addition to their special training, should have adequate 
training in the Bible and in active Christian work. 

(e) An unusually thorough study of the Bible as a missionary 
handbook, particularly the life of Jesus Christ, is indispensable 
to the most fruitful service. 

(f) An important part of the equipment of the modern mis- 
sionary in Moslem lands is a general knowledge of pedagogy and 
some practical experience in teaching. 

(g) Those who are to work in North Africa must have a prac- 
tical working knowledge of spoken French. To facilitate this 
it is urgently recommended that all candidates spend a year in 
France attending some university which provides special courses 
in French for foreigners and that while there, they reside with a 
eultured French family. 

(h) As soon as candidates know that they are assigned to 
work in North Africa they should come into personal relation 
with the mission under which they are to work on the field, or of 
some designated experienced missionary of North Africa. 

(i) A knowledge of elementary medicine, hygiene, care of 
health, music, and bookkeeping is very desirable, and, in case of 
women missionaries, domestic science. 

(j) Above all, a practical and successful experience in lead- 
ing souls to Jesus Christ as Saviour and Lord. 

(k) The Mission Boards should facilitate in every possible 
way the foregoing lines of preparation so that the candidate may 
reach the field young enough for the most effective language 
study. 


2. Preparation to Be Acquired on the Field. 

(a) Upon arrival on the field the missionary should be as- 
signed for a year to a language and field training school. 

(b) Full missionary responsibility should not be expected 
until a working knowledge of the language is acquired. 

(ec) The first part of his service should be spent in association 
with an experienced missionary. 

(d) Missionaries for specialized service such as indicated 
above under 1(d) should also follow the same general field train- 
ing as other missionaries, 


68 CoNFERENCES oF CHRISTIAN WorKERS Amona MosiEeMs 1924 


3. Previous Social-Service Experience an Important Asset. 

No amount of training, however, can take the place of actual 
work with the most neglected, unlovable, and debased of 
American or European cities, because this experience will reveal 
to the candidate whether or not he has the requisite humility | 
and willingness to serve and an invincible faith in the salvability 
through Jesus Christ of those furthest from God. 


IX. Social Work 


The words of the Lord’s Prayer, ‘‘Thy Kingdom come, Thy 
will be done on earth as it is in heaven,’’ state the goal of Chris- 
tian missions. By Christian social work we mean nothing less 
than the impact of the teaching and life of Jesus Christ on all 
human relationships. 

Islam boasts that it covers every need of the social life. In 
the Moslem home, clan, tribe, and country, and in pan-Islamism, 
we find a deep sense of solidarity—limited to the ‘‘ Faithful’’— 
but very little individual liberty. 

If we fight against Islamic religious feelings and a 
only we shall fail, because of the enormous weight of social con- 
ditions binding the Moslem in every detail of practical life. 
Therefore, as religious Islam must be won by spiritual weapons, 
so social Islam must be met by Christian social efforts. Social 
and industrial branches cannot replace but must accompany and 
complete the direct teaching of the Gospel. Often converts have 
been gained by genuine Christian love shown in and by the 
social and industrial efforts made by consecrated servants of 
Jesus. On the other hand, very few Moslems in this field have 
grown much in the grace of God without thorough, persevering 
social help. This helps them to find their feet and to become 
independent and conquering Christian characters. ; 

The native mind seeks church community, not only in weekly 
meetings, but in all relations of social life. Hence natives attach 
themselves readily to the social creed of progressive Churches. 

There is much in the present condition of trade and industry 


CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 69 


of Christian lands being introduced in this country that is prov- 
ing a hindrance to the spread of true Christianity. 

Christianizing the social order the world over is one of the 
most urgent Christian tasks of this day. 

If we apply the doctrines of Jesus Christ to every relation in 
the life of the North African, we cannot fail to make a radical 
change. Beginning with the present deplorable status of woman, 
and going on right up through life, even to such broad prin- 
ciples as are embodied in the League of Nations, we should hold 
up before him the ideals of social justice, being courageous 
enough to admit that even the Christian nations are far from 
having attained them yet. 


1. Hostels. 

Wherever there are government high schools an excellent 
opportunity is afforded for influencing the native youth, as has 
already been proved in Tiziuzu and Algiers, by the means of 
student hostels under earnest Christian direction. The door of 
these institutions should be open to every well-intentioned lad. 


2. General Culture. 

Facilities for lectures, concerts, the cinema, and other forms 
of general educational and cultural development should be 
provided. 


3. Hygiene. 
Missionaries should place hygiene, both physical and moral, 
before medical and all others forms of strictly reseue work. We 


recommend instruction in hygiene for the individual, the family, 
and the community. 


4. Purity and Temperance. 
An urgent need is felt for co-operating with already existing 
agencies such as the Ligue de la Moralité Publique, and the 


Ligue Nationale Antialcoolique, and enlisting the sympathy of 
every individual to stamp out these erying evils. 


5. Protection of Children and Kindness to Animals, 
Societies for the protection of children and for the promotion 
of kindness to animals should be encouraged. 


70 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuEMs 1924 


6. Special Standing Committee. 

The Conference recommends that there shall be appointed by 
the Ad-Interim Committee a standing committee dealing with 
the questions under 4 and 5. 


7. Recreation. 

Recreation wisely directed can contribute powerfully to the 
building of character as well as to the developing of healthy 
physique. Well organized and conducted games form one of the 
best weapons against intemperance and social impurity. This 
idea not only should be applied in the large centres, but should 
be carried down even to the smallest of rural communities. 


8. Medical Work. 

Christian Missions should undertake medical work for three 
chief reasons: (a) It so fits in with the Christian spirit to 
lighten the burden of physical suffering. (b) Our object, the 
bringing in of the Kingdom of God, is actually advanced by 
waging war on sickness and disease. (c¢c) It inclines the human 
heart to meditate favourably on the teaching of Christ Jesus our 
Lord, the Great Physician. 

Other hospitals such as the Tulloch Memorial Hospital at Tan- 
giers, permeated by the Christian spirit, would be a great boon 
for North Africa. Also numerous simple dispensaries should be 
scattered through the rural districts. A corps of native doctors, 
nurses, and midwives should be formed. In all our work of 
healing we should keep fixedly before us those principles that 
Jesus Himself practised. The mind inspired by faith in Christ 
is the greatest healer. 


9. Legal Assistance. 

Steps should be taken to provide for women, for minors, and 
for others in special need of competent and disinterested legal 
counsel. 


10. Conclusion. 
It is not so much the réle of Christian missions to undertake 
the foregoing programme in detail as to inspire others to do it, 





CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 71 


filling them with faith and enthusiasm ;—in a word, to supply the 
motive power. Missionaries should lead the North African him- 
self to work out his own social salvation. 


X. Women’s Work 


1. The Immediate and Pressing Need. 

The immediate and pressing need is for a Home, or Homes, 
for divorced girls and young widows, and where girls could be 
received who are over the age of those received in existing 
Homes. 

(a) These Homes should not be large institutions, but family 
groups, graded according to the needs of the girls. 

(b) In these Homes they could stay a longer or shorter period 
as each individual case demanded. 

(c) During their stay they should be taught native handi- 
crafts, nursing, and care of children, in view of having a means 
of livelihood when they pass from our care. 

(d) Finally in these Homes they would be under the direct 
influence of the Gospel, and from amongst them our hope would 
be that some would be gathered out for further training, in 
view of preparing them for soul-winning among their own 
people. 

This seems the moment for advance, as (based on the desire 
of the more enlightened Kabyle men) French opinion is warmly 
espousing the cause of the women. 


2. Work of Itineration. 

More emphasis should be given to the all-important work of 
itineration. 

(a) Some more united and systematic plan should be devised 
for meeting the vast and urgent need. 

(b) This itineration should be carried on in no vague spirit, 
but with two objects: (1) That attention, prayer, and faith 
should be focussed on the hearers who seem really interested, in 
definite faith that the Holy Spirit may bring into this—possibly 
their one chance—the vision of Christ as Saviour; (2) That the 
whole course of itinerating should not be at random, but with 


72. CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuLEmMs 1924 


the definite purpose of seeing where the Spirit of God is work- 
ing, in view of following up, first by partial, then by permanent 
occupation. To this end co-operative action is imperative. 

In town work emphasis should be laid on the value of 
systematic visiting in the homes of the women, and on the thor- 


ough following up of the work of the medical missions by the 
same method. 


Conference Members 


Abd el Wahad, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria. 

Bardet, C., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria. 

Bardet, Mrs., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria. 

Beltrande, Pasteur, Eglise Luthérienne, Blida, Algeria. 

Benezet, L. E., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Blackmore, J. T. C., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Fort National, Kabylia, 
Algeria. 

Bonnet, C., British and Foreign Bible Society, Algiers, Algeria. 

Bres, Emile, Methodist Episcopal Mission, I1 Mathen, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Burrough, H. C., London Jews’ Society, Tunis, Tunisia, 

Butler, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, Relizane, "Algeria. 

Capelle, Pasteur Raoul, Eglise Réformée Evangélique, Miliana, Algeria. 

Cooksey, J. J., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Cooksey, Mrs., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Cox, Miss, North Africa Mission, Djemaa Sahridj, etre 

Cuendet, E., North Africa Mission, Algiers, Algeria. 

Currie, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, Blida, Algeria. 

Flici, 8., Methodist Episcopal Mission, El-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Frease, E. F., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Algiers, Algeria. 

Gaussen, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Il Mathen, Algeria. 

Girardin, Emile, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Algiers, Algeria. 

Grautoff, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, Miliana, Algeria. 

Grote, Mrs., Independent, Biskra, Algeria. 

Kellar, F. J., Methodist Kpiscopal Mission, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Kellar, Mrs., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Krebs, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, Tozeur, Tunisia. 

Lindsay, N. W., Methodist Episcopal Mission, El-Biar, Algeria. 

Lochhead, J. TS Methodist ‘Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria, 

Lochhead, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria. 

Loveless, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria. 

Mellroy, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, Algiers, Algeria. 

Mareusson, Miss, Swedish Mission, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Marion, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, I1 Mathen, Algeria. 

Narbeth, Miss, Methodist piscopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria. 

Palpant, Henri, Methodist Kpiscopal Mission, Sidi-Aich, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Parker, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Quadia, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Perkin, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, E1- Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Purdon, J. H. C., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria, 

Purdon, Mrs., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria. 

Ridley, Miss, ’ Algiers Mission Band, Relizane, Algeria. 

Robb, J., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Susa, Tunisia, 

Robinson, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Algiers, Algeria. 


CoNSTANTINE REGIONAL CONFERENCE 73 


Roche, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, Blida, Algeria. 

Rochedieu, Henri, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Sidi-Aich, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Rochedieu, Mrs., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Sidi-Aich, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Rolland, E., French Evangelical Mission, Tiziuzu, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Rolland, Miss, French Evangelical Mission, Tiziuzu, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Shorey, 49) R., North Africa Mission, Bougie, Algeria. 

Smith, Miss Emily, Methodist Episcopal Mission, El-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Smith, Miss Kate, North Africa Mission, Dejmaa Sahridj, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Smith, Perey, Methodist Episcopal Mission, El-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Sultan ben Amor, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Tunis, Tunisia. 

Tahor Chaochar, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Fort National, Algeria. 

Theobold, A., Algiers Mission Band, Monastir, Tunisia. 

Townsend, J. D., Methodist Episcopal Mission, El-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Trotter, Miss, Algiers Mission Band, Algiers, Algeria. 

Villon, P., Methodist Episcopal Mission, Algiers, Algeria. 

Vivat, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Quadia, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Walker, Mrs., World’s Sunday School Ass? n, El-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 

Warren, T. J. P., North Africa Mission, Djemaa Sahridj, Kabylia, Algeria. 

Watt, A. Crawford, M.A., United Free Church of Scotland, Comrie, 
Scotland. 

Watt, Mrs., United Free Church of Scotland, Comrie, Scotland. 

Webb, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, Constantine, Algeria, 

Welch, Miss, Methodist Episcopal Mission, E]-Biar, Algiers, Algeria. 


REPRESENTING MISSIONARY SOCIETIES, ALSO VISITORS 


Maury, Pierre, Paris Missionary Society and French Federation of Student 
Christian Associations, Paris, France. 

Maury, Mrs., Paris, France. 

Mott, John R., LL.D., Chairman International Missionary Council, Chair- 


man World’s Student Christian Federation. 
Mott, Mrs. 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 
I. Survey and Co-operation 


1. The Survey. 

(Note—For the proper understanding of the Survey pre- 
sented to the Conference, we particularly urge that the explana- 
tory text be studied in connection with the charts, and that all 
charts and maps be considered as a unit.) 

This Conference having studied the Survey of the missionary 
occupation of Egypt expresses its conviction that there is an 
overwhelming responsibility upon us to-day in Egypt for an 
advance in direct Mosiem evangelization. 

The Egyptian Church has seen days of persecution, opposi- 
tion, and bigotry, latterly followed by toleration and national 
movements expressing higher regard. for minorities. We hum- 
bly believe that’ what will follow next may depend upon the 
response of the Church in Egypt and of the Church of Christ 
throughout the world to the appeal of this Conference. If the 
Church does respond the day of reaping may be in the imme- 
diate future. 

But direct Moslem evangelization is possible only when the 
various societies already in the field, and any new societies that 
‘may enter Egypt in the future, set their faces resolutely to 
occupy unoccupied territory, i.e., villages and towns predomi- 
nantly Moslem. In the face of this large opportunity, overlap- 
ping in any of the missionary work should be carefully avoided. 

This Conference feels that this great task can only be accom- 
plished if a strong lead is given by missionaries, pastors, evan- 
gelists, and teachers toward the mobilization of all Christian 
forces in Egypt for the conversion of Mohammedans. 


2. Co-operation. 
The Egypt Inter-Mission Council organized in 1921 includes 


in its membership all of the larger and most of the smaller mis- 
77 


78 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuEMs 1924 


sionary societies operating in Egypt. The value of this Council 
is already evident in a larger mutual acquaintance and sympa- 
thy on the part of participating societies, in added force in 


appeals to the government on moral and religious questions, in- 


provisions for united intercession, and in plans which are under 
way for a larger degree of comity in the occupation of the field. 

The Conference suggests that the following ideals should be 
before the Egypt Inter-Mission Council as the aims of their com- 
ity and fellowship :— 

(a) Such union efforts in literary, institutional, and direct 
evangelistic work as will conserve workers and funds, 
avoid reduplication of effort, and secure for the whole 
field the benefits of any specialization in methods or 
objectives. 

(b) Such an occupation of the field as will permit each 
society eligible for membership in the Council to de- 
velop its work to the full extent of its ability without 
entrenching on the work of other societies. | 

(c) Such a spiritual unity of the Christians of this land as 
will find its expression in one united, vital, self-prop- 
agating, self-governing Egyptian Church to which the 
adherents of all missionary societies will hold the same 
relationship. 

The Conference recommends :— 

(a) That the Egypt Inter-Mission Council arrange for those 
workers engaged in similar lines of Christian service 
such as medical, educational, and evangelistic, to meet 
occasionally for information and the co-ordination of 
their work. 

(b) That the closest possible relationships be maintained 
between the Egypt Inter-Mission Council and the In- 
ternational Missionary Council. 

(c) That the representatives of the missions of the Sadad 
and Abyssinia present in this Conference be requested 
to provide surveys of their fields before the date of 
the Jerusalem Conference to ensure their being filed 
with the records. 


HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 79 


(d) That the Egypt Inter-Mission Council undertake to 
co-operate in every possible way with the missionary 
societies of the Sudan and Abyssinia either through 
their membership in the Council or through corre- 
spondence with individual societies or by affiliation 
with local councils that may be established. 

The Conference endorses the concluding words of the survey 
(p. 12) that ‘‘nothing but a mighty spiritual awakening. . 
can move this great mountain of Mohammedanism,’’ and rec- 
ommends, therefore, that the Inter-Mission Council consider all 
plans for co-operation in work as of less importance than definite 
provisions for effective co-operation in seeking spiritual power. 
The Conference covets for this field such outpourings of the 
Holy Spirit as have been reported from the Sialkot Convention 
in India and suggests the holding of similar conventions in this 
country. 


II. Evangelization 


The Conference is in agreement with the following statement 
of the present situation and needs :— 


1. Changing Attitude of Moslem Egypt to Christianity. 


(a) A great and remarkable change has taken place during 
the past few years in the attitude of Moslem men and women to 
the Gospel. They are attending meetings even in Church buila- 
ings; they accept our literature and read it; they are both buy: 
ing and reading the Bible more and more. They admit that the 
Christian ethic, especially that concerning marriage and divorce, 
is superior to their own and are copying it, e.g., in the recent 
laws promulgated concerning age limit for marriage. 

(b) Among the causes producing this change are the ideas of 
Christendom which have been permeating Egypt through the 
written page, i.e., newspapers and books on scientific and general 
subjects, especially the Bible and Christian literature of all 
sorts; through the events of recent world history; through the 
rise and increasing influence of the Evangelical Church; through 
the educational and medical and evangelistic work of the Mis- 


80 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEems 1924 


sions. While not losing sight of new antagonisms it may confi- 
dently be hoped that this solvent process in Islam will continue 
to work with great power in the immediate future. 


2. Methods of Evangelistic Work Amongst Egyptian Moslems. 
These vary according to the class with which we are dealing, 
1. @.: 

(a) Sheikhs and students of El Azhar. 

(b) Effendis. 

(ec) Fellaheen, men and women. 

(d) Hareem ladies of upper and middle classes. 

(a) The Azhary Class. 

(1) To establish contact with Azhar students one or more 
homes or settlements should be located in the Azhar 
neighbourhood with several resident workers, who 
would show hospitality, make friendships, and encour- 
age free intercourse. 

(2) Emphasis should be laid on personal dealing with 
individuals or small groups—rather than on large 
meetings. . 

(3) Employment of literature—by lending and selling 
books, and by free distribution, should be promoted. 

(b) The Effendi Class. As shown in the first paper on 
Christian education in Egypt the vast majority of Effendis have 
grown up without Christian contacts being made, and have been 
fed on the materialistic and atheistic and immoral literature of 
the West. Low ideals of life and service have been presented to 
them. They remain a comparatively neglected section of the 
people, as does also that small but important section of Egyptian 
women who have passed through the Government Schools for 
girls. A good beginning in work for men has been made along 
the right lines by the Y. M. C. A. in Cairo. This work should 
be multiplied throughout Egypt. Hostels on a union basis 
might be established for medical, law, and engineering students 
in Cairo. 

The Alliance of Honour is a fruitful method of making con- 
tacts, to which could be joined other forms of social service. 
There is a considerable amount of literature in Arabie and 


HeLwan REGIONAL CONFERENCE 81 


English suited to the Effendi, which ought to be better known 
and used. The cultivation of personal friendships on the part 
of Egyptian Christians should be placed before Church members 
as a sacred duty. 

(ec) The Fellaheen. Ninety per cent of the Egyptians are 
fellaheen. Though to a large extent illiterate they are very 
accessible and usually most willing to listen to the Christian 
message. 

(1) Medical Mission Work: Many thousands of fellaheen 
have heard the Gospel in the mission hospitals of Egypt. Large 
numbers have been deeply influenced and not a few have avowed 
a belief in Christ. The mission hospital has been the means of 
opening doors throughout the length and breadth of the land, 
and within a circle of some fifty miles around the mission hospi- 
tal its influence has been remarkable. To reap the harvest after 
this vast amount of sowing the following steps should be taken: 
Methodical visiting of villages by itinerating bands both of men 
and women evangelists, preferably going about two by two, this 
leading to the establishment of a chain of preaching centres. 
Greater use of tent hospitals and village dispensaries, a fruitful 
method of evangelism which would prove a much more effective 
agency if the Christians in each neighbourhood could be led to 
shepherd those who had shown interest in the Gospel. 

(2) Educational Work: A simple type of village school has 
been found very useful in furthering Moslem evangelization, but 
such schools should be carefully and constantly supervised by 
the district missionary. 

(3) Direct Evangelistic Work: There is unbounded scope 
for evangelistic work throughout the whole country. The magic 
lantern is specially useful. Much may be done by gaining social 
contact with the people, attending their feasts and funerals, and 
visiting them in their homes. The witness of life is of para- 
mount importance. The Dervish fraternities hold the allegiance 
of the vast majority of fellaheen. Egyptian Christians should 
be enlisted who will study the literature and experiences of these 
orders and make that knowledge available for the missionary 
body and Egyptian Church. Market meetings might be held 
more widely as a fruitful method of work. 


82 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEmMs 1924 


(d) Hareem ladies. Owing to the special conditions of 
women’s life in this country, evangelistic work among them must 
still be of a highly specialized character. With the upper 
classes, points of contact are difficult to establish, but the sym- 
pathy of foreign women is welcomed in the nascent women’s 
movements of the day and may provide a basis for friendship. 

The following ways of contact along the lines of natural human 
interests have recently been tried with various types of women 
and seem of special importance and worthy of further 
development :— 

(1) Work on the lines of alumnae societies carrying fur- 
ther the personal contacts made in Christian schools; 

(2) Infant welfare centres reaching poorer mothers; 

(3) Work for women centred round a mission school which 
becomes a simple community centre for mothers, elder 
sisters, and friends of pupils. 

A further noteworthy line of work in recent years is the estab- 
lishment of a house in which women and girl enquirers can be 
sheltered and trained in Christian knowledge and life.: 


3. Training of Workers. 


The School of Oriental Studies will ensure a very much higher 
standard amongst the rank and file of missionaries in a knowl- 
edge of Islamics as well as in Arabic, colloquial and classical, 
and marks a very decided step in advance, for which we thank 
God. The training of Egyptian pastors, evangelists, and women 
workers in educational methods and in Islamics, should be 
improved. It is important to avoid generalities and preach the 
Gospel story directly, the deeds and sayings of Jesus Christ in 
their beautiful simplicity. The Egyptian has the precious talent 
of vivid story-telling which can be used to print the Gospel nar- 
rative indelibly on the minds of the fellaheen. Enthusiasm may 
be imparted to church members in study groups using ‘‘The 
Way of Love to Moslem Hearts’’ or other books. They should 
be taught sedulously that each Christian must love and serve 
his Moslem neighbours. In all this specialized training, how- 
ever, the worker, whether foreign missionary or Egyptian, 
should be continuously on guard against the insidious tempta- 


HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 83 


tion to rely on this rather than on the Holy Spirit in Whom 
alone is power. 1 tie J 


ww 


III. The Christian Church 


Place and Responsibility of the Native Church. 


1. It is for us a matter of faith, and conviction that the evan- 
gelization and winning of non-Christian Egypt for Christ must 
ultimately be accomplished by Egyptians themselves. 

2. The division of labour which now, or at any future time, 
may be made between the foreign missionary force and the 
Egyptian Christian community should not be such as to assign 
to the missionary force alone the enterprise of winning Moham- 
medans and to the Egyptian community other enterprises, but 
should assign to each that share in the same enterprise of win- 
ning Mohammedans which each can best perform. 

3. The delicacy and difficulties of this task for Egyptian 
Christians in the fact of the ‘‘Shariat’’ law and the traditional 
attitudes of Islam—a task far greater and more difficult for 
them than for the foreign missionary—are matters fully realized, 
and realized with a sympathy that is beyond words. Also the 
reality of the achievements of the past half-century, both direct 
and indirect, are acknowledged with gratitude to the God of 
power for our men and women of faith. 

4, Nevertheless we are fully convinced that in these new days 
for Egypt the time has come for the Egyptian Christian com- 
munity as a whole, and severally as denominations and congre- 
gations, to address themselves consciously to this fundamental 
enterprise as never before. 

5. We are convinced that the very first thing to be done to 
gain this end is to change those thought attitudes which, induced 
by historic conditions over a period of 300 years, have made 
Egyptian Christians shrink from facing deliberately this ulti- 
mate task, 

6. We believe that to change such thought-attitudes is no less 
possible here than it has proved to be in the West. The means 
whereby such a process should be carried on are intercession, the 
pulpit, the meeting, the Christian Endeavour Society, the Lay- 


84 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEMs 1924 


men’s Movement, the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., Christian 
schools, the Sunday School, the home, the Church magazine, and 
the creation of handbooks for special study-circles, and other 
special literature designed to meet various aspects of the task 
and various classes of the community. Such an enterprise - 
should be initiated and maintained by the definite authorization 
of the Churches and other responsible bodies, and thereafter 
quietly and continuously conducted. 

7. The following seem to us to be the main objectives which 
this educational movement should follow :— 


(a) To encourage all to break through the difficulty of 
generations, and to form personal friendships with 
and show kindnesses to Mohammedans. 

(b) To encourage Church members to invite Mohammedans 
to meetings and services and welcome them there. 

(c) To train workers, both official and unofficial, in Moslem 
ways of thought, vocabulary, etc., so that their Chris- 
tian witness to them may be more sympathetically 
aimed and go more directly home. 

(d) To render the Christian Churches and congregations 
homelike for Moslem converts. 


The Care of Converts from Islam. 


1. The missions can give special help in certain aspects of the 
protection of converts, their employment, their assistance in 
need, as well as in their instruction. But generally speaking, in 
evangelistic work for Moslems and pastoral work connected with 
enquirers, catechumens, and baptized persons, whatever be the 
part taken by the foreign missionary, it is essential that the 
local minister and congregation be closely associated in all that 
he does in order that the new brother may be thoroughly grafted 
into the Church from the beginning and does not form a semi- 
foreign element for which the mission is held responsible. Once 
a person becomes a member of the Egyptian Church it is to the ° 
Egyptian pastor rather than to the foreign missionary that the 
convert should look for pastoral care. 

2. The whole subject of the teaching and training of enquir- 
ers, catechumens, and baptized persons needs more careful treat- 


HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 85 


ment and supervision than it has yet received. The special 
aspect which we feel led to emphasize is that in addition to an 
official syllabus, a handbook of instruction for enquirers and 
candidates for baptism be drawn up, adopted, or adapted, and 
that this, having been recommended by the authority of each 
body, be then placed in the hands of all pastors and teachers 
who are brought into contact with Mohammedan enquirers and 
converts. 

3. In regard to the material assistance of converts, we approve 
the following principles :— 

(a) That with certain necessary exceptions, as in the case 
of some students and some women, no Mohammedan be 
recognized as a regular enquirer or given special les- 
sons in Christianity unless he is in work and support- 
ing himself. 

(b) That if he is to the satisfaction of all, proved to have 
lost his work or his livelihood through the open con- 
fession of his faith, his assistance be regarded as a 
duty of brotherhood until work can be found for him. 

(c) That a fund should exist at every centre, whether raised 
by the missions or the Church or both, and should be 
administered by those most qualified to do so. 

(d) That in this matter of material assistance it is better 
to spend a larger sum at once enabling a man to get a 
living, than to spend a succession of smaller sums in 
doles. 

(e) That in Cairo or other large centres it is advisable that 
all the societies who have direct evangelistic work 
co-ordinate their efforts in this direction. 

(f) That the Inter-Mission Council be requested to arrange 
for the consideration of industrial schemes for teach- 
ing converts a trade, e.g., a bakery, or a farm-colony. 


IV. Christian Education 


1, Objective. 


The Conference finds that the objective in mission schools and 
colleges is twofold :— 


86 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG Mos.tEems 1924 


(a) To touch, purify, and influence individual lives and com- 
munities so as to bring them to the knowledge of Jesus Christ 
and acceptance of Him as Lord and Saviour. 

(b) To conserve, improve, and extend membership in the 
Church of Christ, and to train up men and women devoted to 
the service of His Kingdom on earth. ; 

Whatever in such schools does not contribute towards this 
objective should be discontinued, and certainly nothing con- 
trary should be inaugurated. To attain these high ideals of 
character training schools should be up-to-date, and second to 
none in educational methods of efficiency. The aim must always 
be for quality and efficiency rather than quantity of schools, or 
number of pupils. Without these limitations of educational 
missions, an absorption of resources both personal and financial 
would take place which would endanger the central objective of 
missionary work and of the churches raised up thereby. 


2. Illiteracy. 

The Conference feels deeply the hindrance that the illiteracy 
of the country makes to the progress of the Gospel. At the same 
time the missionary body cannot take the responsibility for this 
upon its shoulders, having neither the money nor the resources 
for its removal. The Conference gladly welcomes the announce- 
ment of the Government that this task is their responsibility. 


3. Educational Strategy. 

The Conference recommends the following suggestions for an 
educational campaign :— 

(a) To get into touch as far as possible with existing schools 
of all kinds, and devise means for influencing for Christian 
truth and life those large numbers of young people assembled in 
them. There are various ways in which Christian workers may 
become guides, counsellors, and friends of students and teachers 


through social intercourse and local Church life. Moreover, 


hostels in close contact with the large schools in the cities offer 
splendid opportunities for Christian service. 

(b) To cultivate friendly relationships with Government 
educational officials with a view to gaining their sympathetic 


eEeeEeEGmv—— ee 


HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 87 


understanding of our system of schools, and our strengthening 
their hands for all that is noble and right in God’s sight in their 
own educational aims. 

(ec) To modify and adapt our village schools so as to provide 
something much more akin to the life and environment of village 
folk than we offer at present (as regards both boys and girls), 
so that there may be a more continuous and wholesome influence 
through pupils’ identifying their Christian principles with their 
homes and village life. This will require a thoroughgoing study 
of village conditions and needs, and probably the establishment 
of a model school centre on this plan. 

(d) To watch constantly for opportunities of co-operation 
between educational agencies, and thus to guarantee greater 
efficiency in the training of character and intellect rather than 
extension or increased number of schools. The successful work- 
ing of some forms of higher education seems possible only 
through such co-operation. Boarding schools in particular will 
benefit by such union in work. 

(e) The Conference realizes the great need of reinforcing 
educational work by means of uplifting literature for boys and 
girls consisting of biography, adventure, historical tales, nature 
study written from a Christian viewpoint; and feels that the 
presence of such literature in the hands of the pupils would 
inspire both Moslems and Christians with high ideals of life, and 
would tend to solve many of the knotty problems that have been 
before this Conference. Very specially is there a need for the 
appearance of an Arabic magazine of the nature of Outward 
Bound. 

(f) Emphasis should be laid on the need for larger numbers 
of educational leaders of all types (from the village teachers to 
those of the university standard) whose natural and acquired 
gifts will be available for the extension of God’s Kingdom 
among the pupils of our schools. To this end plans for the 
training of Christian teachers should be formulated without 
delay. 

(g) The advantages and disadvantages of accepting Govern- 
ment inspection and grants in aid should be closely investigated, 
in the full realization that whatever the Government may offer, 


88 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AmMonG MosiEmMs 1924 


the integrity and essential objectives of Christian educational 
work must be maintained without imperilling the religious char- 
acter of the schools. 

(h) The Conference suggests to the Inter-Mission Council the 
constitution of a committee including representatives of various 
types of Christian schools, whether under mission or Church 
management, for the purpose of co-ordinating the work of Chris- 
tian education and of mutual counsel on its many problems. 


V. Christian Literature 


Christian literature has been one of the most dynamic and 
penetrating agencies for the evangelization of the Mohammedan 
world. The Conference thanks God for the remarkable advances 
achieved in the production and use of Christian literature dur- 
ing the past twenty years and for the encouraging results of 
such work. Nevertheless the new day that has dawned in the 
Mohammedan world, the advancement in literacy, and the con- 
sequent widespread eagerness for reading material call for a 
new emphasis being laid upon this department of work. The 
position of Egypt as the intellectual centre of the Arabic-speak- 
ing and Mohammedan world gives added importance to the 
development of Christian literature in this area. 


1. Recommendation to Home Boards. 

This Conference would urge upon the Missions here repre- 
sented and upon the boards and societies at the home base that 
the work of Christian literature be accorded such separate con- 
sideration, personnel, and material equipment as its enlarging 
claims require at this moment in the Mohammedan world. 


2. Circulation. 
A careful study of the present-day missionary situation in 


Egypt and the Near East leads to the conclusion that the prob- * 


lem of distribution of Christian literature is of immediate 
urgency. Because of inadequate methods of circulation litera- 
ture now available fails to reach the Moslem constituency for 
which it has been prepared. 


ae 


HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 89 


(a) Missionaries, native pastors, and evangelists, who repre- 
sent volunteer channels adapted to the free distribution of 
Christian literature, are not being used adequately for this mis- 
sionary end. In many cases the cause is the lack of a financial 
grant that would provide them with a supply of literature for 
free distribution. In some cases earnest representation has not 
been made to home boards for such financial grants. Such a 
situation calls for immediate action both at home and on the 
field. 

(b) The colportage work of the mission, conducted chiefly 
under the supervision of the Nile Mission Press, calls for marked 
reinforcements and extensions. 

(c) The above-mentioned methods of circulation, which are 
both difficult and expensive, can never bring about the use of 
literature on a sufficiently large scale to liberate the whole litera- 
ture enterprise in Egypt. Until the Christian public learns to 
value literature enough to buy it spontaneously, whether locally 
or by mail, and thus to create an economic book-selling trade, 
it will be impossible to carry circulation very much further than 
at present. This: Conference appeals to the leaders of Christian 
thought in Egypt to do their part in creating a desire for read- 
ing matter and in changing present habits in this regard. 


3. Production. 


While circulation calls for special emphasis, the task of pro- 
duction likewise deserves attention, especially in respect to the 
following points :— 

(a) As a guide to the production of literature which will 
meet the new developments of Islamic thought, there is need for 
some agency at Cairo by which the missionary world can be kept 
informed as to the salient features and current contents of the 
Moslem press whose streams penetrate to the remotest sections 
of the Islamic world. 

(b) The various types of literature named on pages 58 to 60 
in the volume, ‘‘Christian Literature in Moslem Lands,’’ are 
much needed in Egypt. The Conference would lay particular 
emphasis on the needs suggested under the headings of ‘‘ Litera- 
ture on Christ’s Message for Life,’’ ‘‘ Bible Commentaries,’’ and 


90 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


‘General Home Reading,’’ of which the supply is altogether 
inadequate. 

(ec) In order that the Christian Church may be better 
equipped to serve Christ in the realm of literature, greater em- 
phasis should be laid on training and practice in writing stories 
both in schools and in young people’s circles. 

(d) There is need for a close connection being maintained 
between the type of evangelistic message which is being given 
and the tone of the tract literature which is supposed to be dis- 
tributed in connection with such evangelistic work. To this end 
workers should keep the producers informed as to the suitability 
and effectiveness of any literature used by them. 

(e) The need for a Boys’ paper and also for a Girls’ and 
Women’s paper has been presented as one of the most crucial 
needs of the hour, and also as one of the most strategie oppor- 
tunities for Christian influence before us to-day. Many factors 
are involved in the practical realization of these proposals. The 
Jerusalem Conference and the missions or societies here repre- 
sented are asked to devise practical measures for realizing these 
important proposals. 

(f) The Conference recommends that the fullest possible 
advantage be taken of the openings that offer themselves and 
that may be further developed for publishing material in secu- 
lar, daily, weekly, and monthly Arabie periodicals, with a view 
to securing when practicable the time of an equipped worker for 
this valuable medium of Christian propaganda, following the 
plan of the work so successfully achieved elsewhere, notably in 
Japan and Great Britain. 


4, Development of a Literature Policy. 


The Conference desires to acknowledge the generous help ot 
the American Christian Literature Society for Moslems and also 
the splendid work of the Nile Mission Press which has brought’ 
every society and mission under a debt of gratitude during the 
past eighteen years; it expresses its earnest desire that the Press 
should be more adequately supported and its work widely ex- 
tended. The Conference feels that the contribution of the 
missions and societies to the development of a literature policy 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 91 


for Egypt and the Sudan has not been adequate to the great 
need, and recommends that in order to take the fullest advantage 
of the facilities of publication provided by the Mission Press, 
the missions and societies appoint a group to make a careful 
study of the whole situation in the light of experience in other 
parts of the mission field, and to make such recommendations 
as will secure that the missions and societies shall more widely 
and effectively further the task of producing and circulating 
Christian literature. It is understood that such a committee 
would not supersede existing publishing organizations but would 
strengthen and widen their scope. 


5. The Moslem World. 


For thirteen years this magazine has been an open forum for 
scattered workers in every part of the Moslem world. It has 
published a number of articles dealing with Christian literature 
and the problem of Moslem evangelization which are of perma- 
nent value. The magazine deserves a larger circulation, and the 
support of all those interested in evangelizing the Near East. 
The Conference trusts that all Societies here represented and 
every individual missionary will lend the magazine hearty 
support. 


6. Co-ordinating Committee. 


The Conference recognizes the intimate relationship which 
must ever exist in respect to the provision of Christian literature 
between the Nile valley and other Arabic-speaking areas, and 
also between these Arabic-speaking areas and the still wider field 
of the entire Moslem world as brought out in the recent survey 
of Christian literature for Moslems. The Conference wishes, in 
this connection, to express its heartfelt gratitude to those who 
made possible and those who shared in that survey. The Con- 
ference has also learned with the deepest interest and sympathy 
of the steps taken by the Literature Committees of the Mission- 
ary Conferences in North America and Great Britain to give 
effect to the central thought of this survey, namely a proposal 
to be laid before the Jerusalem Conference for the establishment 
of a ‘‘Co-ordinating Committee on Christian Literature for Mos- 


92 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEms 1924 


lems,’’ not as a literature-publishing agency, but an agency 
through which the various mission fields may co-operate with 
each other in providing and using Christian literature for Mos- 
lems. To these proposals this Conference gives its cordial appro- 
val and would instruct its representatives at the Jerusalem 
Conference to support them heartily. 


VI. Christian Leadership 


1. Immediate Needs. 
The Conference recognizes two immediate needs in this 
direction :— . 
(a) The raising of Egyptian men and women to carry on 
Christ’s work in Egypt through the activities of the 
Egyptian Church, whether alongside of or in relief of 
the foreign missionary body; 
(b) The special equipment of such men and women for the 
task of revealing the wonder of Christ’s love to the 
Moslem community around them, a matter which 
calls not only for the spirit of service but also for 
some specialized training of leaders. 


2. Spirit of Service. 

The Conference recognizes that leadership in service should 
not be all or chiefly paid or professional leadership. It is only 
in a church full of the spirit of service that paid workers are 
likely to reach heights of sacrificial living. 


3. Chief Hindrances. 


The Conference desires to record three main hindrances at 
the present time to the enlistment of salaried or professional 
Christian workers in the Egyptian Church :— 

(a) A prejudice in the minds of some young people and 
some parents against salaried Christian service, espe- 
cially as a vocation for young women. 

(b) The financial question which arises in connection with 
some forms of Christian service in which salaries 
offered are very low. 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 
I. Survey and Co-operation 


1. The Survey. 

(Note—For the proper understanding of the Survey pre- 
sented to the Conference, we particularly urge that the explana- 
tory text be studied in connection with the charts, and that all 
charts and maps be considered as a unit.) 

This Conference having studied the Survey of the missionary 
occupation of Egypt expresses its conviction that there is an 
overwhelming responsibility upon us to-day in Egypt for an 
advance in direct Mosiem evangelization. 

The Egyptian Church has seen days of persecution, opposi- 
tion, and bigotry, latterly followed by toleration and national 
movements expressing higher regard, for minorities. We hum- 
bly believe that what will follow next may depend upon the 
response of the Church in Egypt and of the Church of Christ 
throughout the world to the appeal of this Conference. If the 
Church does respond the day of reaping may be in the imme- 
diate future. 

But direct Moslem evangelization is possible only when the 
various societies already in the field, and any new societies that 
may enter Egypt in the future, set their faces resolutely to 
occupy unoccupied territory, i., villages and towns predomi- 
nantly Moslem. In the face of this large opportunity, overlap- 
ping in any of the missionary work should be carefully avoided. 

This Conference feels that this great task can only be accom- 
plished if a strong lead is given by missionaries, pastors, evan- 
gelists, and teachers toward the mobilization of all Christian 
forces in Egypt for the conversion of Mohammedans. 


2. Co-operation. 
The Egypt Inter-Mission Council organized in 1921 includes 


in its membership all of the larger and most of the smaller mis- 
77 


78 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEmMs 1924 


sionary societies operating in Egypt. The value of this Council 
is already evident in a larger mutual acquaintance and sympa- 
thy on the part of participating societies, in added force in 
appeals to the government on moral and religious questions, in 
provisions for united intercession, and in plans which are under 
way for a larger degree of comity in the occupation of the field. 

The Conference suggests that the following ideals should be 
before the Egypt Inter-Mission Council as the aims of their com- 
ity and fellowship :— 

(a) Such union efforts in literary, institutional, and direct 
evangelistic work as will conserve workers and funds, 
avoid reduplication of effort, and secure for the whole 
field the benefits of any specialization in methods or 
objectives. 

(b) Such an occupation of the field as will permit each 
society eligible for membership in the Council to de- 
velop its work to the full extent of its ability without 
entrenching on the work of other societies. 

(c) Such a spiritual unity of the Christians of this land as 
will find its expression in one united, vital, self-prop- 
agating, self-governing Egyptian Church to which the 
adherents of all missionary societies will hold the same 
relationship. 

The Conference recommends :— 

(a) That the Egypt Inter-Mission Council arrange for those 
workers engaged in similar lines of Christian service 
such as medical, educational, and evangelistic, to meet 
occasionally for information and the co-ordination of 
their work. | 

(b) That the closest possible relationships be maintained 
between the Egypt Inter-Mission Council and the In- 
ternational Missionary Council. 

(c) That the representatives of the missions of the Sudan 
and Abyssinia present in this Conference be requested 
to provide surveys of their fields before the date of 
the Jerusalem Conference to ensure their being filed 
with the records. 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 79 


(d) That the Egypt Inter-Mission Council undertake to 
co-operate in every possible way with the missionary 
societies of the Sudan and Abyssinia either through 
their membership in the Council or through corre- 
spondence with individual societies or by affiliation 
with local councils that may be established. 

The Conference endorses the concluding words of the survey 
(p. 12) that ‘‘nothing but a mighty spiritual awakening .. . 
can move this great mountain of Mohammedanism,”’ and rec- 
ommends, therefore, that the Inter-Mission Council consider all 
plans for co-operation in work as of less importance than definite 
provisions for effective co-operation in seeking spiritual power. 
The Conference covets for this field such outpourings of the 
Holy Spirit as have been reported from the Sialkot Convention 
in India and suggests the holding of similar conventions in this 
country. 


II. Evangelization 


The Conference is in agreement with the following statement 
of the present situation and needs :— 


1. Changing Attitude of Moslem Egypt to Christianity. 


(a) A great and remarkable change has taken place during 
the past few years in the attitude of Moslem men and women to 
the Gospel. They are attending meetings even in Church buil¢- 
ings; they accept our literature and read it; they are both buy- 
ing and reading the Bible more and more. They admit that the 
Christian ethic, especially that concerning marriage and divorce, 
is superior to their own and are copying it, e.g., in the recent 
laws promulgated concerning age limit for marriage. 

(b) Among the causes producing this change are the ideas of 
Christendom which have been permeating Egypt through the 
written page, i.e., newspapers and books on scientific and general 
subjects, especially the Bible and Christian literature of all 
sorts; through the events of recent world history; through the 
rise and increasing influence of the Evangelical Church; through 
the educational and medical and evangelistic work of the Mis- 


80 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEMs 1924 


sions. While not losing sight of new antagonisms it may confi- 
dently be hoped that this solvent process in Islam will continue 
to work with great power in the immediate future. 


2. Methods of Evangelistic Work Amongst Egyptian Moslems. 
These vary according to the class with which we are dealing, 
i. @.: 

(a) Sheikhs and students of El Azhar. 

(b) Effendis. 

(ec) Fellaheen, men and women. 

(d) Hareem ladies of upper and middle classes. 

(a) The Azhary Class. 

(1) To establish contact with Azhar students one or more 
homes or settlements should be located in the Azhar 
neighbourhood with several resident workers, who 
would show hospitality, make friendships, and encour- 
age free intercourse. 

(2) Emphasis should be laid on personal dealing with 
individuals or small groups—rather than on large 
meetings. 

(3) Employment of literature—by lending and selling 
books, and by free distribution, should be promoted. 

(b) The Effendi Class. As shown in the first paper on 
Christian education in Egypt the vast majority of Effendis have 
grown up without Christian contacts being made, and have been 


fed on the materialistic and atheistic and immoral literature of — 


the West. Low ideals of life and service have been presented to 
them. They remain a comparatively neglected section of the 
people, as does also that small but important section of Egyptian 
women who have passed through the Government Schools for 
girls. A good beginning in work for men has been made along 
the right lines by the Y. M. C. A. in Cairo. This work should 
be multiplied throughout Egypt. Hostels on a union basis 
might be established for medical, law, and engineering students 
in Cairo. 

The Alliance of Honour is a fruitful method of making con- 
tacts, to which could be joined other forms of social service. 
There is a considerable amount of literature in Arabic and 


——————<— 





Hetwan REGIONAL CONFERENCE 81 


English suited to the Effendi, which ought to be better known 
and used. The cultivation of personal friendships on the part 
of Egyptian Christians should be placed before Church members 
as a sacred duty. 

(c) The Fellaheen. Ninety per cent of the Egyptians are 
fellaheen. Though to a large extent illiterate they are very 
accessible and usually most willing to listen to the Christian 
message. 

(1) Medical Mission Work: Many thousands of fellaheen 
have heard the Gospel in the mission hospitals of Egypt. Large 
numbers have been deeply influenced and not a few have avowed 
a belief in Christ. The mission hospital has been the means of 
opening doors throughout the length and breadth of the land, 
and within a circle of some fifty miles around the mission hospi- 
tal its influence has been remarkable. To reap the harvest after 
this vast amount of sowing the following steps should be taken: 
Methodiecal visiting of villages by itinerating bands both of men 
and women evangelists, preferably going about two by two, this 
leading to the establishment of a chain of preaching centres. 
Greater use of tent hospitals and village dispensaries, a fruitful 
method of evangelism which would prove a much more effective 
agency if the Christians in each neighbourhood could be led to 
shepherd those who had shown interest in the Gospel. 

(2) Educational Work: A simple type of village school has 
been found very useful in furthering Moslem evangelization, but 
such schools should be carefully and constantly supervised by 
the district missionary. 

(3) Direct Evangelistic Work: There is unbounded scope 
for evangelistic work throughout the whole country. The magic 
lantern is specially useful. Much may be done by gaining social 
contact with the people, attending their feasts and funerals, and 
visiting them in their homes. The witness of life is of para- 
mount importance. The Dervish fraternities hold the allegiance 
of the vast majority of fellaheen. Egyptian Christians should 
be enlisted who will study the literature and experiences of these 
orders and make that knowledge available for the missionary 
body and Egyptian Church. Market meetings might be held 
more widely as a fruitful method of work. 


82 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG Mos.EMs 1924 


(d) Hareem ladies. Owing to the special conditions of 
women’s life in this country, evangelistic work among them must 
still be of a highly specialized character. With the upper 
classes, points of contact are difficult to establish, but the sym-- 
pathy of foreign women is welcomed in the nascent women’s 
movements of the day and may provide a basis for friendship. 

The following ways of contact along the lines of natural human 
interests have recently been tried with various types of women 
and seem of special importance and worthy of further 
development :— 

(1) Work on the lines of alumnae societies carrying fur- 
ther the personal contacts made in Christian schools; 

(2) Infant welfare centres reaching poorer mothers; 

(3) Work for women centred round a mission school which 
becomes a simple community centre for mothers, elder 
sisters, and friends of pupils. 

A further noteworthy line of work in recent years is the estab- 
lishment of a house in which women and girl enquirers can be 
sheltered and trained in Christian knowledge and life, 


3. Training of Workers. 


The School of Oriental Studies will ensure a very much higher 
standard amongst the rank and file of missionaries in a knowl- 
edge of Islamics as well as in Arabic, colloquial and classical, 
and marks a very decided step in advance, for which we thank 
God. The training of Egyptian pastors, evangelists, and women 
workers in educational methods and in Islamics, should be 
improved. It is important to avoid generalities and preach the 
Gospel story directly, the deeds and sayings of Jesus Christ in 
their beautiful simplicity. The Egyptian has the precious talent 
of vivid story-telling which can be used to print the Gospel nar- 
rative indelibly on the minds of the fellaheen. Enthusiasm may 
be imparted to church members in study groups using ‘‘The 
Way of Love to Moslem Hearts’’ or other books. They should 
be taught sedulously that each Christian must love and serve 
his Moslem neighbours. In all this specialized training, how- 
ever, the worker, whether foreign missionary or Egyptian, 
should be continuously on guard against the insidious tempta- 





HrELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 83 


tion to rely on this rather than on the Holy Spirit in Whom 
alone is power. 


III. The Christian Church 


Place and Responsibility of the Native Church. 

1. It is for us a matter of faith, and conviction that the evan- 
gelization and winning of non-Christian Egypt for Christ must 
ultimately be accomplished by Egyptians themselves. 

2. The division of labour which now, or at any future time, 
may be made between the foreign missionary force and the 
Egyptian Christian community should not be such as to assign 
to the missionary force alone the enterprise of winning Moham- 
medans and to the Egyptian community other enterprises, but 
should assign to each that share in the same enterprise of win- 
ning Mohammedans which each can best perform. 

3. The delicacy and difficulties of this task for Egyptian 
Christians in the fact of the ‘‘Shariat’’ law and the traditional 
attitudes of Islam—a task far greater and more difficult for 
them than for the foreign missionary—are matters fully realized, 
and realized with a sympathy that is beyond words. Also the 
reality of the achievements of the past half-century, both direct 
and indirect, are acknowledged with gratitude to the God of 
power for our men and women of faith. 

4. Nevertheless we are fully convinced that in these new days 
for Egypt the time has come for the Egyptian Christian com- 
munity as a whole, and severally as denominations and congre- 
gations, to address themselves consciously to this fundamental 
enterprise as never before. 

5. We are convinced that the very first thing to be done to 
gain this end is to change those thought attitudes which, induced 
by historic conditions over a period of 300 years, have made 
Egyptian Christians shrink from facing deliberately this ulti- 
mate task. | ae! tl gal 

6. We believe that to change such thought-attitudes is no less 
possible here than it has proved to be in the West. The means 
whereby such a process should be carried on are intercession, the 
pulpit, the meeting, the Christian Endeavour Society, the Lay- 


84 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


men’s Movement, the Y. M. C, A. and Y. W. C. A., Christian 
schools, the Sunday School, the home, the Church magazine, and 
the creation of handbooks for special study-circles, and other 
special literature designed to meet various aspects of the task 
and various classes of the community. Such an enterprise 
should be initiated and maintained by the definite authorization 
of the Churches and other responsible bodies, and thereafter 
quietly and continuously conducted. 

7. The following seem to us to be the main objectives wich 
this educational movement should follow :— 


(a) To encourage all to break through the difficulty of 
generations, and to form personal friendships with 
and show kindnesses to Mohammedans. 

(b) 'To encourage Church members to invite Mohammedans 
to meetings and services and welcome them there. 

(c) To train workers, both official and unofficial, in Moslem 
ways of thought, vocabulary, ete., so that their Chris- 
tian witness to them may be more sympathetically 
aimed and go more directly home. 

(d) To render the Christian Churches and congregations 
homelike for Moslem converts. 


The Care of Converts from Islam. 


1. The missions can give special help in certain aspects of the 
protection of converts, their employment, their assistance in 
need, as well as in their instruction. But generally speaking, in 
evangelistic work for Moslems and pastoral work connected with 
enquirers, catechumens, and baptized persons, whatever be the 
part taken by the foreign missionary, it is essential that the 
local minister and congregation be closely associated in all that 
he does in order that the new brother may be thoroughly grafted 
into the Church from the beginning and does not form a semi- 
foreign element for which the mission is held responsible. Once « 
a person becomes a member of the Egyptian Church it is to the 
Egyptian pastor rather than to the foreign missionary that the 
convert should look for pastoral care. 

2. The whole subject of the teaching and training of enquir- 
ers, catechumens, and baptized persons needs more careful treat- 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 85 


ment and supervision than it has yet received. The special 
aspect which we feel led to emphasize is that in addition to an 
official syllabus, a handbook of instruction for enquirers and 
candidates for baptism be drawn up, adopted, or adapted, and 
that this, having been recommended by the authority of each 
body, be then placed in the hands of all pastors and teachers 
who are brought into contact with Mohammedan enquirers and 
converts. 

3. In regard to the material assistance of converts, we approve 
the following principles :— 

(a) That with certain necessary exceptions, as in the case 
of some students and some women, no Mohammedan be 
recognized as a regular enquirer or given special les- 
sons in Christianity unless he is in work and support- 

ing himself. 

(b) That if he is to the satisfaction of all, proved to have 
lost his work or his livelihood through the open con- 
fession of his faith, his assistance be regarded as a 
duty of brotherhood until work can be found for him. 

(c) That a fund should exist at every centre, whether raised 
by the missions or the Church or both, and should be 
administered by those most qualified to do so. 

(d) That in this matter of material assistance it is better 
to spend a larger sum at once enabling a man to get a 
living, than to spend a succession of smaller sums in 
doles. 

(e) That in Cairo or other large centres it is advisable that 
all the societies who have direct evangelistic work 
co-ordinate their efforts in this direction. 

(f) That the Inter-Mission Council be requested to arrange 
for the consideration of industrial schemes for teach- 
ing converts a trade, e.g., a bakery, or a farm-colony. 


IV. Christian Education 


1, Objective. 


The Conference finds that the objective in mission schools and 
colleges is twofold :— 


86 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG Mos.LEms 1924 


(a) To touch, purify, and influence individual lives and com- 
munities so as to bring them to the knowledge of Jesus Christ 
and acceptance of Him as Lord and Saviour. 

(b) To conserve, improve, and extend membership in the | 
Church of Christ, and to train up men and women devoted to 
the service of His Kingdom on earth. 

Whatever in such schools does not contribute towards this 
objective should be discontinued, and certainly nothing. con- 
trary should be inaugurated. To attain these high ideals of 
character training schools should be up-to-date, and second to 
none in educational methods of efficiency. The aim must always 

‘be for quality and efficiency rather than quantity of schools, or 
number of pupils. Without these limitations of educational 
missions, an absorption of resources both personal and financial 
would take place which would endanger the central objective of 
missionary work and of the churches raised up thereby. 


2. Illiteracy. 

The Conference feels deeply the hindrance that the illiteracy 
of the country makes to the progress of the Gospel. At the same 
time the missionary body cannot take the responsibility for this 
upon its shoulders, having neither the money nor the resources 
for its removal, The Conference gladly welcomes the announce- 
ment of the Government that this task is their responsibility. 


3. Educational Strategy. 

The Conference recommends the following suggestions for an 
educational campaign :— 

(a) To get into touch as far as possible with existing schools 
of all kinds, and devise means for influencing for Christian 
truth and life those large numbers of young people assembled in 
them. There are various ways in which Christian workers may 
become guides, counsellors, and friends of students and teachers + 
through social intercourse and local Church life. Moreover, 
hostels in close contact with the large schools in the cities offer 
splendid opportunities for Christian service. 

(b) To cultivate friendly relationships with Government 
educational officials with a view to gaining their sympathetic 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 87 


understanding of our system of schools, and our strengthening 
their hands for all that is noble and right in God’s sight in their 
own educational aims. 

(ec) To modify and adapt our village schools so as to provide 
something much more akin to the life and environment of village 
folk than we offer at present (as regards both boys and girls), 
so that there may be a more continuous and wholesome influence 
through pupils’ identifying their Christian principles with their 
homes and village life. This will require a thoroughgoing study 
of village conditions and needs, and probably the establishment 
of a model school centre on this plan. 

(d) To watch constantly for opportunities of co-operation 
between educational agencies, and thus to guarantee greater 
efficiency in the training of character and intellect rather than 
extension or increased number of schools. The successful work- 
ing of some forms of higher education seems possible only 
through such co-operation. Boarding schools in particular will 
benefit by such union in work. 

(e) The Conference realizes the great need of reinforcing 
educational work by means of uplifting literature for boys and 
girls consisting of biography, adventure, historical tales, nature 
study written from a Christian viewpoint; and feels that the 
presence of such literature in the hands of the pupils would 
inspire both Moslems and Christians with high ideals of life, and 
would tend to solve many of the knotty problems that have been 
before this Conference. Very specially is there a need for the 
appearance of an Arabic magazine of the nature of Outward 
Bound. 

(f) Emphasis should be laid on the need for larger numbers 
of educational leaders of all types (from the village teachers to 
those of the university standard) whose natural and acquired 
gifts will be available for the extension of God’s Kingdom 
among the pupils of our schools. To this end plans for the 
training of Christian teachers should be formulated without 
delay. 

(g) The advantages and disadvantages of accepting Govern- 
ment inspection and grants in aid should be closely investigated, 
in the full realization that whatever the Government may offer, 


88 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEeMs 1924 


the integrity and essential objectives of Christian educational 
work must be maintained without imperilling the religious char- 
acter of the schools. 

(h) The Conference suggests to the Inter-Mission Council the 
constitution of a committee including representatives of various 
types of Christian schools, whether under mission or Church 
management, for the purpose of co-ordinating the work of Chris- 
tian education and of mutual counsel on its many problems. 


V. Christian Literature 


Christian literature has been one of the most dynamic and 
penetrating agencies for the evangelization of the Mohammedan 
world. The Conference thanks God for the remarkable advances 
achieved in the production and use of Christian literature dur- 
ing the past twenty years and for the encouraging results of 
such work. Nevertheless the new day that has dawned in the 
Mohammedan world, the advancement in literacy, and the con- 
sequent widespread eagerness for reading material call for a 
new emphasis being laid upon this department of work. The 
position of Egypt as the intellectual centre of the Arabic-speak- 
ing and Mohammedan world gives added importance to the 
development of Christian literature in this area. 


1. Recommendation to Home Boards. 

This Conference would urge upon the Missions here repre- 
sented and upon the boards and societies at the home base that 
the work of Christian literature be accorded such separate con- 
sideration, personnel, and material equipment as its enlarging 
claims require at this moment in the Mohammedan world. 


2. Circulation. 

A careful study of the present-day missionary situation in 
Egypt and the Near East leads to the conclusion that the prob- 
lem of distribution of Christian literature is of immediate 
urgency. Because of inadequate methods of circulation litera- 
ture now available fails to reach the Moslem constituency for 
which it has been prepared. 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 89 


(a) Missionaries, native pastors, and evangelists, who repre- 
sent volunteer channels adapted to the free distribution of 
Christian literature, are not being used adequately for this mis- 
sionary end. In many cases the cause is the lack of a financial 
grant that would provide them with a supply of literature for 
free distribution. In some cases earnest representation has not 
been made to home boards for such financial grants. Such a 
situation calls for immediate action both at home and on the 
field. 

(b) The colportage work of the mission, conducted chiefly 
under the supervision of the Nile Mission Press, calls for marked 
reinforcements and extensions. 

(ce) The above-mentioned methods of circulation, which are 
both difficult and expensive, can never bring about the use of 
literature on a sufficiently large scale to liberate the whole litera- 
ture enterprise in Egypt. Until the Christian public learns to 
value literature enough to buy it spontaneously, whether locally 
or by mail, and thus to create an economic book-selling trade, 
it will be impossible to carry circulation very much further than 
at present. This Conference appeals to the leaders of Christian 
thought in Egypt to do their part in creating a desire for read- 
ing matter and in changing present habits in this regard. 


3. Production. 

While circulation calls for special emphasis, the task of pro- 
duction likewise deserves attention, especially in respect to the 
following points :— 

(a) As a guide to the production of literature which will 
meet the new developments of Islamic thought, there is need for 
some agency at Cairo by which the missionary world can be kept 
informed as to the salient features and current contents of the 
Moslem press whose streams penetrate to the remotest sections 
of the Islamic world. 

(b) The various types of literature named on pages 58 to 60 
in the volume, ‘‘Christian Literature in Moslem Lands,’’ are 
much needed in Egypt. The Conference would lay particular 
emphasis on the needs suggested under the headings of ‘‘Litera- 
ture on Christ’s Message for Life,’’ ‘‘ Bible Commentaries,’’ and 


90 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


‘‘General Home Reading,’’ of which the supply is altogether 
inadequate. 

(c) In order that the Christian Church may be better 
equipped to serve Christ in the realm of literature, greater em- 
phasis should be laid on training and practice in writing stories 
both in schools and in young people’s circles. 

(d) There is need for a close connection being maintained 
between the type of evangelistic message which is being given 
and the tone of the tract literature which is supposed to be dis- 
tributed in connection with such evangelistic work. To this end 
workers should keep the producers informed as to the mien 
and effectiveness of any literature used by them. 

(e) The need for a Boys’ paper and also for a Girls’ and 
Women’s paper has been presented as one of the most crucial 
needs of the hour, and also as one of the most strategic oppor- 
tunities for Christian influence before us to-day. Many factors 
are involved in the practical realization of these proposals. The 
Jerusalem Conference and the missions or societies here repre- 
sented are asked to devise practical measures for realizing these 
important proposals. 

(f) The Conference recommends that the fullest aati 
advantage be taken of the openings that offer themselves and 
that may be further developed for publishing material in secu- 
lar, daily, weekly, and monthly Arabic periodicals, with a view 
to securing when practicable the time of an equipped worker for 
this valuable medium of Christian propaganda, following the 
plan of the work so successfully achieved elsewhere, notably in 
Japan and Great Britain. 


4. Development of a Literature Policy. 


The Conference desires to acknowledge the generous help ot 
the American Christian Literature Society for Moslems and also 
the splendid work of the Nile Mission Press which has brought 
every society and mission under a debt of gratitude during the 
past eighteen years; it expresses its earnest desire that the Press 
should be more adequately supported and its work widely ex- 
tended. The Conference feels that the contribution of the 
missions and societies to the development of a literature policy 





HELWAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE 91 


for Egypt and the Sudan has not been adequate to the great 
need, and recommends that in order to take the fullest advantage 
of the facilities of publication provided by the Mission Press, 
the missions and societies appoint a group to make a careful 
study of the whole situation in the light of experience in other 
parts of the mission field, and to make such recommendations 
as will secure that the missions and societies shall more widely 
and effectively further the task of producing and circulating 
Christian literature. It is understood that such a committee 
would not supersede existing publishing organizations but would 
strengthen and widen their scope. 


5. The Moslem World. 


For thirteen years this magazine has been an open forum for 
scattered workers in every part of the Moslem world. It has 
published a number of articles dealing with Christian literature 
and the problem of Moslem evangelization which are of perma- 
nent value. The magazine deserves a larger circulation, and the 
support of all those interested in evangelizing the Near Kast. 
The Conference trusts that all Societies here represented and 
every individual missionary will lend the magazine hearty 
support. 


6. Co-ordinating Committee. 


The Conference recognizes the intimate relationship which 
must ever exist in respect to the provision of Christian literature 
between the Nile valley and other Arabic-speaking areas, and 
also between these Arabic-speaking areas and the still wider field 
of the entire Moslem world as brought out in the recent survey 
of Christian literature for Moslems. The Conference wishes, in 
this connection, to express its heartfelt gratitude to those who 
made possible and those who shared in that survey. The Con- 
ference has also learned with the deepest interest and sympathy 
of the steps taken by the Literature Committees of the Mission- 
ary Conferences in North America and Great Britain to give 
effect to the central thought of this survey, namely a proposal 
to be laid before the Jerusalem Conference for the establishment 
of a ‘‘Co-ordinating Committee on Christian Literature for Mos- 


92 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WoRKERS AMONG Mostems 1924 


lems,’’ not as a literature-publishing agency, but an agency 
through which the various mission fields may co-operate with 
each other in providing and using Christian literature for Mos- 
lems. To these proposals this Conference gives its cordial appro- 
val and would instruct its representatives at the Jerusalem 
Conference to support them heartily. 


VI. Christian Leadership 


1. Immediate Needs. 


The Conference recognizes two immediate needs in this 
direction :— 

(a) The raising of Egyptian men and women to carry on 
Christ’s work in Egypt through the activities of the 
Egyptian Church, whether alongside of or in relief of 
the foreign missionary body; 

(b) The special equipment of such men and women for the 
task of revealing the wonder of Christ’s love to the 
Moslem community around them, a matter which 
ealls not only for the spirit of service but also for 
some specialized training of leaders. 


2. Spirit of Service. 


The Conference recognizes that leadership in service should 
not be all or chiefly paid or professional leadership. It is only 
in a church full of the spirit of service that paid workers are 
likely to reach heights of sacrificial living. 


3. Chief Hindrances. 


The Conference desires to record three main hindrances at 
the present time to the enlistment of salaried or professional 
Christian workers in the Egyptian Church :— 

(a) A prejudice in the minds of some young people and 
some parents against salaried Christian service, espe- 
cially as a vocation for young women. 

(b) The financial question which arises in connection with 
some forms of Christian service in which salaries 
offered are very low. 


— 


a 


BruMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 109 


III. The Christian Church 


To facilitate the adoption of the wisest policy for the future 
it is necessary to look backwards first in order to see what has 
been and what now is the attitude of the native Evangelical 
Churches. 

Nearly all the native Churches in Palestine and Syria at 
present direct their own affairs in matters of self-government, 
in pastoral matters and local membership, and in the adminis- 
tration of all funds whether raised locally or granted as an 
aid by the missions, subject in certain cases to a measure of 
supervision and control by the home offices of the missionary 
societies. 


The Enlarging Responsibility of the Native Churches. 


1. The time seems to be ripe for a real though perhaps grad- 
ual transfer of authority in the conduct of local elementary 
schools from the missionary society to the native churches, even 
though subsidies may be continued for a time. This should ap- 
ply to schools for evangelizing non-Christians as well as for 
the instruction of the children of the Christian community. 

2. The native Churches should be urged to consider, in con- 
nection with the Missions, undertaking an increasing share of 
the task of evangelizing Moslems and for this purpose whatever 
ecclesiastical organizations exist in the native Churches in Pales- 
tine and Syria should encourage the clergy and church represen- 
tatives to study the Koran and books on Islamies, and insist on 
future candidates for the ministry making a thorough working 
study of Islam. 

3. The Missionary Societies and Native Churches should use 
every practicable means, especially through friendship, to re- 
inspire the Oriental Churches with the apostolic and missionary 
spirit which characterized them in the days of the Early Church 
and to encourage both individuals and the Churches as a whole, 
now that recent changes have made it possible, to take their 
full share in the evangelization of the Moslem world. 

4. In view of the changed conditions since the War, the Native 
Churches should make it one of their prime duties to educate 


110 CoNFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WorKERS Amone MostEMs 1924 


their members with reference to their obligation for the evangel- 
ization of Moslems. To this end (a) prayer groups in the 
Churches might be formed to deepen the desire for the conver- 
sion of Moslems and open the way to approach them, and to in- 
sist that it is essential that the spirit of suspicion and aloof- 
ness which has too largely governed their attitude towards 
enquirers in the past should give place to warm-hearted brother- 
liness in Christ Jesus; (b) study bands should be organized for 
the dissemination of information and the arousing of interest 
in the progress of missionary work in all lands; (¢) each 
preacher should be encouraged to deliver at stated intervals 
sermons to stimulate his congregation in the work of reaching 
out distinctly for Moslems; (d) special effort should be made to 
gain a hold on young men and women leaving school and to de- 
velop in them the desire to devote their lives to work for those 
who know not Christ. 


Tendency toward Church Union. 


5. The present tendency of events among the native Churches 
in Palestine and Syria shows a distinct drawing towards each 
other with a view to a federation of churches in the future, 
merging at a later date in a union church. This tendency and 
purpose has been most clearly demonstrated by a letter from 
all the Syrian and Palestinian delegates to this Conference ex- 
pressing their unanimous desire for some step to lead ultimately 
to the consummation of union. Bearing in mind the double fact 
of the geographical position of Syria and Palestine, and the 
present influence of Anglican and Presbyterian missions and 
Churches in the Near East, Egypt, and East Africa, this con- 
ference would sincerely urge the Native Churches to keep in 
reciprocal touch with similar movements towards unity in these 
countries. 


The Native Churches and Christian Stewardship. 


6. The native Churches connected with all the various mis- 
sionary societies have made a most commendable advance in 
self-support and general benevolence since the War, in some 
cases as great as 500 per cent; but, on the other hand, there are 


BrRUMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 111 


three obvious obstacles to further considerable advance at 
present: (a) the constant emigration of the most capable ele- 
ments of the population; (b) the continued economic depression ; 
and (c) the unwillingness of candidates to accept such support 
as is within the financial ability of the Churches. 

The attention of all the Native Churches should be called 
to the value and importance of emphasizing in the Church life 
the duty of Christian stewardship and the many valuable meth- 
ods used in other lands to foster the principles and practice of 
systematic giving. 


IV. Christian Education 


The history of mission work in Palestine and Syria is, to a 
large extent, a history of its educational work. Political, so- 
cial, and religious conditions have in the past been such that 
the school has formed one of the most effective agencies in ob- 
taining entrance to new territory, in holding that already occu- 
pied, and in gaining a hearing for the Gospel message. But 
the changing conditions of the present day have opened oppor- 
tunities for the direct pressing of other agencies, notably direct 
evangelism and the circulation of Christian literature. Thus 
the school has been released in great measure from being used 
chiefly as a means of contact, and has been set free for its direct 
educational task. 

At the same time the war years and those immediately follow- 
ing have caused a new realization of self-consciousness, national 
and religious, and have aroused, especially amongst Moslems, 
a purpose to demonstrate to the world their ability to make 
proper use of Western appliances and methods of thought. 

In view of this new situation it seems necessary not only to 
re-emphasize our former aims of educational work, but also to 
state the necessity of sympathetically guiding students in their 
historical and scientific studies. 


1. Chief Object of Educational Work. 


This Conference would re-affirm that the prime object of edu- 
cational work should be to train men and women of such Chris- 


112 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosutEemMs 1924 


tian character that they will be able to help their people de- 
velop a proper social and economic life, both national and inter- 
national, to lay a firm foundation of honest, upright moral char- 
acter, and to find the source of that character in Jesus Christ 


as Saviour from sin and Lord of life. But the specific objective | 


should be the training of intellectual leaders who, untrammeled 
by the traditions of the past, whether Christian, Moslem, or 
Jewish, shall do their thinking freely for themselves. They do 
not need dogma and convention so much as the mind of Jesus 
of Nazareth, so that they may awake to the eternal fact of truth 
in Him. 

2. Rendering Schools Indigenous. 


This Conference believes that in order to reach these objec- 
tives more definite and rapid progress should be made towards 
rendering the existing schools indigenous. This will necessi- 
tate keeping the principle of devolution in a central place, not 
merely by increasing the native staff but by consistently hand- 
ing over to it more actual institutional control. Also while 
the Conference recognizes that the door should be. opened as 
widely as possible to all that is best in English and French lit- 
erature, yet, in order to facilitate the production of Christian 
literature in the vernacular, greater place should be given to 
the Arabic language, not only as a subject of study, but wher- 
ever possible as a vehicle of instruction. 


3. Schools of Manual Training, Agriculture, and Religion. 


In addition to the existing types of schools this Conference 
is impressed with the need of such schools as shall more di- 
rectly assist the countries in their industrial and social develop- 
ment. To this end the Conference advocates :— 

(a) The establishment of united, inter-mission schools of 
manual training and of agriculture. 

(b) The establishing of a united inter-mission school of re- 
ligion which would have for its purpose the training 
of evangelists, colporteurs, elementary and Sunday 
School teachers, and social workers, 





ee ™ 


a 


BruMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 113 


Pres 
4. Co-operation with Government Systems of Education. 


This Conference favours a policy of sympathetic co-operation 
with government systems of education; and suggests that where 
the field is occupied by an efficient government or national 
school, the mission effort should, wherever possible, be confined 
to religious instruction. At the same time the Conference rec- 
ognizes the existence of difficulties in the way of co-operation 
with the government in some districts, especially in Trans-Jor- 
dan and the Damascus area. In the Syrian field it is recom- 
mended that a committee be formed on which native educators 
should be largely represented to prepare a comprehensive edu- 
cational programme with a view to co-operation with the Govern- 
ment system of education whenever that is announced. 


5. Importance of the Sunday School. 


In view of the growth of the Government system of education 
in Palestine, the Conference believes that the attention of the 
Churches should be urgently called to the importance of the 
Sunday School as an effective agency for the work hitherto done 
by mission elementary schools in Biblical and religious instruc- 
tion. It recommends the formation of indigenous committees 
for the preparation of graded outlines of Sunday School lessons 
which shall be suited to the needs of the country. Further- 
more, the Conference believes that the Sunday School through- 
out the whole field, is a most effectual means, not only of reach- 
ing the children of the elementary schools and those outside 
them, but also of providing in the work of Sunday School teach- 
ing a most useful training for leaders, and the Conference 
would, therefore, urge that college students and the older pupils 
in secondary schools should be encouraged to take up this form 
of service. 


6. Urgency of Extending Missionary Education Among 
Moslems. 

The removal of political restrictions and the opening up of 

the field to missionary effort points to the urgency of extending 


missionary education among Moslems especially in the unoccu- 
pied fields. 


114 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEmMs 1924 


7. Need of Committee on Education for Syria and Palestine. 


This Conference would call the attention of The United Mis- 
sionary Conference of Syria and Palestine to the imperative 
need of an efficient committee on education. Before the War 
there was an Educational Union for Syria and Palestine which 
had begun a very effective work in the unification of all educa- 
tional efforts. The work of this Union was handed over to an 
Educational Committee of the U. M. C. This Conference is of 
the opinion that such committee needs to have its attention 
called to the urgent necessity of promoting the following and 
allied topics :— 

(a) A well-thought-out missionary educational policy 
based on a survey of the needs of the territory. 

(b) Co-operation and combination of the various mission 
societies in developing vocational training. 

(c) The appointment of an interdenominational mission- 
ary director of education and the defining of his 
functions. 

(d) United mission co-operation with government systems. 

(e) The direction of the attention of the mission societies 
to new opportunities and fields of missionary effort. 

(f) The establishment of a central bureau of information 
and exchange of ideas which would give advice as to 
the choice of textbooks, especially Arabic. 

(g) The consideration of other problems such as (1) the 
relations of the colleges in Palestine to the Univer- 
sity of Beirat; (2) the provision of university educa- 
tion for Moslem women; (3) the calling of the atten- 
tion of larger numbers of women to the facilities of- 
fered for the training of nurses and Bible women; 
(4) the calling of periodic conferences of represen- 
tatives of the various educational institutions. 


V. Christian Literature 


1, The Opportunity. 


The present situation in this region offers an unparalleled 
opportunity for evangelism through literature. On the one 


BRUMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 115 


hand literacy is rapidly increasing; on the other an appetite 
for reading is everywhere apparent. The two and a half mil- 
lion inhabitants of Syria and Palestine support about seventy- 
five daily journals and other periodicals. Certain classes of 
unwholesome literature are being sold in large quantities. This 
general demand is a powerful challenge to Christians. 


2. Status of Literary Work. 

It is assumed that literature has now been recognized by most 
mission boards as a department of missionary work justifying 
absorption of time and money. There is not yet, however, suf- 
ficient appreciation of this view among mission supporters gen- 
erally. Literature is not a luxury of mission work, but a prime 
necessity, and it is urged that mission boards should educate 
their supporters to regard its claims as of equal importance with 
those of any other department, and should consistently carry 
this policy into practice. 


3. Need for Authors. 

Original literature written by Arabic-speaking persons as 
familiar as possible with Moslem life and literature is our ideal 
in production. The part of the foreigner is chiefly to supply 
material for transmission through such persons. It is urgent 
that the right foreigners should be trained and set free for this © 
work; but even more urgent is the finding and the developing 
of the talent which exists in Syria and Palestine. The offering 
of sufficiently valuable prizes is suggested as one means of at- 
tracting powerful writers. One of the places in which to begin 
the search is the Arabic composition class in our schools. We 
need not only the Arabic author able to devote his life to this 
task, but also the single or the occasional book of the writer who 
shall strike a vein of genius that is epoch-making. We have to 
face the problem of discovering authors and the sacrifices to 
be made in reaching its solution. 


4. Classes of Moslems and Literature Required. 
Literate Moslems may be divided into educational grades as 
follows :— 


116 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WoRKERS AMONG MostEems 1924 


(a) Those educated in Moslem methods, understanding al- 
most exclusively a Moslem vocabulary and mode of 
thought. There exists already some amount of liter- 


ature meeting their needs, some of it is too contentious 


in spirit and requiring recasting. 

(b) Those educated in modern institutions with Western 
influence, and able to comprehend foreign vocabu- 
lary and mode of thought. Such men are often prac- 
tically agnostic, and need a refutation rather of mod- 
ern sceptical arguments than of dialectical Moslem 
objections. For these the emphasis should be laid on 
the positive exposition of the person of Christ and His 
teaching and its application to the problems of indi- 
vidual and social life rather than on dogmatic proofs 
of the truth of Christianity. We need to demonstrate 
not so much the inadequacy of Islam as the all-suffi- 
ciency of Christ. This type of literature is also less 
likely to excite suspicion and opposition. 

(c) The malleable adolescent. This class needs not only 
religious literature, but also a vast quantity of gen- 
eral mental food of a Christian standard. 


(d) Literate women. The preceding paragraph is appli- 
cable, but there is also a special need for books on or 
illustrating home and social morality. 


5. Literature for Christians. 


There is still urgent need for literature which will foster a 
strong moral and spiritual life in the Christian community. 
Certain needs have been met in the past but (a) modes of ex- 
pression of old truths differ from generation to generation and 
all but the greatest books pass rapidly out of date. (b) The 
existing body of literature, however excellent, is quickly ex- 
hausted by an eager modern reader. 

Biography, history, Church history, devotional and interpre- 
tative works, books on missions, modern apologetics, attractive 
wholesome stories, and juvenile literature of all kinds are among 
the classes of books most in demand. Graded Sunday School 








BruMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 117 


lesson schemes and notes written in and for the country are an 
urgent need. 


6. Co-ordination. 

We endorse fully and emphatically the proposition, made in 
the Survey, of a central bureau for Christian literature. The 
collection and exchange of English and French summaries of all 
literature issued by evangelical agencies should be an important 
part of its work. Among its functions should be the increase 
by interchange of the circulation of valuable independent period- 
icals, some of which now struggling for existence might be lifted 
to a position of wide influence. The existing channels of cor- 
dial exchange between the American Press of Beirtt, and 
the Nile Mission Press of Cairo provide an excellent indication 
of the helpfulness of a wider system of co-operation. 


7. Distribution. 

Measures to promote increased production are of practically 
no use if increased efficiency of distribution is not equally se- 
cured. Among.the means to be employed are judicious adver- 
tisement, reading rooms, lending libraries, travelling libraries, 
encouragement of private reading in schools, co-ordinated direc- 
tion of holiday reading. The purchasing constituency for re- 
ligious literature in Arabic-speaking lands is so small and rela- 
tively poor as to make a commercial basis in general impossible. 
It is, therefore, absolutely necessary: (a) to provide a large por- 
tion of the cost of production so that not only the Scriptures 
but also most other books and tracts may be sold at a nominal 
price; (b) to find the cost of circulation by colporteurs. But 
the problem les not so much in organization as in increasing 
individual and voluntary energy. Ideally every Christian 
worker should be a colporteur. 


8. Newspaper Evangelism. 

By this title is intended the supplying of all kinds of Chris- 
tian material, explicit or implicit, to the press of the country. 
This method, described in the Survey as practically untried, 
should be immediately explored, with a view to finding or mak- 


118 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosiEms 1924 


ing an expert. The experiments should be unostentatious. 
Among these should be the production of a serial novel treat- 
ing of Christian life, preferably in these areas. 


VI. Christian Leadership 


1. Demand for Leadership. 


There is a erying demand for leadership. 

(a) In evangelistic work. High-grade pastors are contin- 
ually needed in both Syria and Palestine. Such pas- 
tors should be capable of enlisting the services of the 
school graduates as well as of the uneducated people. 

(b) In education as Christian teachers. In Palestine and 
Syria there is a growing demand for highly trained 
secondary teachers. In Syria the recent opening of 
private schools, owned or directed by Syrians, indi- 
cates a direction in which there may be service of a 
new and interesting nature. | 

(c) In social work. There is a limited demand for paid 
and highly qualified men. The Y. M. C. A. could 
use a number of university graduates. A limited 
number of men and women are needed for literary 
work—hymn writers and Christian journalists would 
find wide service. There is unlimited scope for lay 
leaders who would take hold of the best elements in 
town or village and unite them in effort for civie and 
social betterment. 


2. Sources of Supply. 
The chief sources for the supply of leaders are:— 

(a) Homes of Church members. 

(b) Sunday Schools. 

(c) High schools and colleges. 

(d) Voluntary organizations of the Church, such as Chris- 
tian Endeavour Societies. 

(e) Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A., Boy Scouts, Girl. Guides. 





BrRuMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 119 


3. Most Fruitful Means of Recruiting. 


Means which have proved most fruitful in inspiring leaders 
to choose careers of Christian service are :— 

(a) Bible teaching. When taught in the vernacular it is 
usually the most inspiring. 

(b) The use of Christian biography written in good Arabic. 
The lives of consecrated men and women, well told, 
kindle the imagination of boys and girls. 

(c) The opportunity of visiting the homes of Christian 
workers. The object lesson of Christian family life 
will create the desire to reproduce the best type seen. 
(The suggestion has been made that missionaries 
should give their children a thorough training in 
Arabie with the hope of their returning to the coun- 
try and deepening the fellowship between the Hast 
and the West.) 

(d) The enlisting of children in service for others. (Ex- 
perience has shown that they readily learn the joy 
of giving and doing.) 

(e) The Student Movement. <A band of Christian students 
inviting others to share their ideals and to join them 
in service may have a marked effect on the life of a 
school or college and may result in the dedication of 
many lives to Christian service. 

(f) The recruiting of helpers. Every Christian leader, pas- 

° tor, doctor, and teacher should look upon this as one of 
the most important things he can do. 

(g) The sending of deputations to schools and Churches 
to tell of experiences in Christian service and of oppor- 
tunities for the investment of life in work for God. 


4. Chief Hindrances. 


Hindrances that block the way to getting the best men and 
women are :— 
(a) The feeling that the Syrians and Palestinians are the 
subordinates and not the co-workers of missionaries. 
(b). The lack of security for native workers and their fam- 
ilies. Although missionary societies cannot be ex- 


120 CoNFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuEMs 1924 


pected to prolong the employment of workers who 
prove to be unequal to their tasks, they should assure 
efficient workers of the means to educate their chil- 
dren and of allowances to retire at a suitable age. 

(c) The difference in intellectual belief between university 
men and members of the Churches which makes it dif- 
ficult for the former to comply with the conditions of 
ordination and even of Church membership. 

(d) The deadening effect of village life on workers who 
have showed promise of leadership. 

(e) The influx of Western entertainment (cinemas, etc.). 

(f) The emigration of the younger Church members. 

(¢) The lack of a single indigenous Church. 


5. Training of Leaders. 


In the training of leaders it should be borne in mind that 
quality is more important than quantity. 

(a) Pastors need more thorough equipment than hitherto. 
Courses might be arranged at the University supple- 
menting the programme of the Theological Seminary. 
The study of Islam and other religions should be 
included. 

(b) The ministry in the Churches would be helped if pas- 
tors were able to get the refreshment that comes from 
conferences and study abroad. The stimulus of new 
books and magazines is also needed by teachers and 
pastors. 

(ec) There is room for expansion with good results for pas- 
tors and people in the larger use of lay preachers and 
some system of exchange of pulpits. 

If the Christian Church in the Near East is to achieve any- 
thing in gaining the confidence of the Moslems, it is urgent that 


there should be, within it, such leadership as will keep before’ 


its own membership the necessity of a life hid with Christ 
in God. 

Several times in the Conference we have been reminded that, 
apart from a movement of the Holy Spirit Himself, no prog- 
ress is possible. Wise and unselfish Christian leadership cer- 


BrRuMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE Leal 


tainly cannot be generated otherwise. If our Lord’s own 
method—Matthew IX—which He set forth so clearly was to 
pray to the Lord of the Harvest, His direction to His disciples 
is equally a direction to us—PRAY YH. 


VII. Medical Work 


In spite of the omission of medical work from the general 
discussion of the Conference, it is felt that a short statement at 
least drawing attention to its value should be made, though not 
commensurate with its importance. 

It is strongly felt that medical work is still a highly impor- 
tant and powerful agency in bringing about contact with the 
non-Christian population. It still makes the strongest appeal 
by its exhibition of practical Christianity and brings within 
hearing of the Gospel many who would not be reached by 
other means. 

It is also of the greatest use in opening up fresh work in an 
unoccupied area. By means of itineration the influence of the 
hospital can be greatly strengthened and extended but for this 
to be carried out at all systematically without weakening the 
base, a larger staff than usually available is required. Co-opera- 
tion with other agencies in some of the developments mentioned 
in the other reports may to a certain extent overcome this 
difficulty. 

The inclusion of medical work in the survey proposed in the 
findings of the Committee on Occupation of the Field would be 
helpful to the working out of any plan for this area. 


VIII. Women’s Work 


Great and rapid changes have taken place in post-war years 
among the more educated classes of women in the cities. In vil- 
lages and among the uneducated Moslem women of towns and 
cities these changes are not yet apparent. Some such are—the 
postponement of marriage and greater freedom of choice on the 
woman’s part; the attendance of women at public lectures; the 
formation of women’s clubs; in some cases more freedom as to 
the use of the veil. The demand for education has greatly in- 


122 CoNFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEms 1924 


creased and young Moslem and Druse women remain in mis- 
sion schools to the ages of eighteen or twenty. Many are earn- 
ing their livelihood as trained teachers and some are taking part 
in journalism. But with these gains there are risks and draw- 
backs. Liberty so unprepared-for is apt to be abused and mis- 
applied. The influence of the cinema is harmful, and compe- 
tition in the adoption of Western habits and dress leads to ex- 
travagance. There is a recrudescence of Moslem fervour and 
bigotry, whether from religious or national motives or from both. 

If Moslem women and girls are to be effectively reached there 
is need for a much more considered and direct approach than 
has hitherto been attempted. The more or less haphazard 
methods of the past require to be supplemented. In view of 
the fact that only four women missionaries (of whom two are 
wives) have been set apart entirely by the societies represented 
for this work, the Conference would press for the material in- 
crease of the number of qualified women workers, both native 
and foreign, to be set free to devote their whale time to the 
evangelization of Moslem womanhood. 

Training in a Bible School should be given to educated native 
women to fit them for this task, and raise the status of such 
workers. Foreign missionaries should be equipped by special- 
ized study of language, thought, social conditions, and methods. 

Much stress was laid on the necessity for discovering and de- 
veloping the faculty for leadership among Christian girls and 
young women in school and Church life and to this end the 
value of the Girl Guide movement or Prefect System in Schools, 
the giving of responsibility to older scholars in Sunday Schools, 
the use of school-girl camps and young people’s conferences 
where special inspiration could be given for missionary leader- 
ship and voluntary service be stimulated, was recommended. 

As an extension of evangelistic methods the training of dis- 
trict nurses for evangelistic work is suggested. 

Fresh developments in medical work lie in the direction of 
itineration in neglected areas and in the training of dispensers, 
midwives, and nurses for evangelistic district work. 

It was felt by the Conference that the educational opportu- 
nity in all its grades and branches should be used, as long as 


BrRuMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 123 


this is possible, as being an invaluable agent in evangelism. In 
view of the fact that primary education in Palestine is passing 
out of the hands of the missionary societies and that although 
this is not yet the case in Syria it may become so, great impor- 
tance should be attached to the value of higher primary and 
the secondary schools for the development of leaders and the 
provision of teachers. In consideration of the expressed desire 
by the few for education of university grade, and the prospect 
of that desire’s becoming more general, it was felt that facilities 
should be given through the Mission Schools for the attainment 
of that end. 

As in both medical and educational work much valuable ef- 
fort fails in its objective from lack of following up, the Confer- 
ence strongly urges the adaptation of the organization in school 
and hospital to prevent this deplorable loss. Co-ordinated ef- 
fort in passing on the names of students and patients at a dis- 
tance to local Christian workers would greatly facilitate this 
object. 

As a whole the missionary body—especially perhaps in Syria, 
has not yet seriously faced its task for the evangelization of Mos- 
lem womanhood, but the opportunity is present and the forces 
to take advantage of it only require to be mobilized. 


Conference Members 


Abdul Karim, Rev. Mufid, Evangelical Church, Beirit, Syria. 

Akl, Miss Ferideh, Friends’ Foreign Mission Association, Brumana, Syria. 
Allen, Rey. Paul, Christian and Missionary Alliance, Jerusalem, Palestine. 
Awad, Rev. Khalil, Evangelical Church, Latakia, Syria. 

Ball, Miss E. M., Irish Presbyterian Mission, Damascus, Syria. 

Baroody, Rev. Beshara, Evangelical Church, Suk-el-Gharb, Syria. 

Bishop, Rey. E. F., English College, C. M. S., Jerusalem, Palestine. 
Brigstocke, Perey, M.D., Edinburgh Medical Mission, Damascus, Syria. 
Byerly, Rev. R. C., American Presbyterian Mission, Sidon, Syria. 

Clarke, Miss Ruth, London Jews’ Society, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Coate, Miss W., Jerusalem and East Mission, Jerusalem, Palestine. 
Crawford, Rev. J. 8., American University, Beirfit, Syria. 

Crose, Rev. J. D., Church of God, Beirfit, Syria. 

Dodge, Bayard, American University, Beirfit, Syria. 

Dumit, Mrs. Jabr, Woman’s Federation, Beirit, Syria. 

Fowle, Charles W., Near East Relief, Beirtit, Syria. 

Fox, Marshall N., Friends’ Foreign Mission Association, Brumana, Syria. 
Fox-Maule, Dr. R., Danish Mission to the Orient, Nebk, Syria. 


124 CoNFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEms 1924 


Gardner, Miss M., St. Luke’s School, Jerusalem and The East Mission, 
Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Ghabriel, Nicola, Ass’t Editor, The Weekly Neshra, Beirit, Syria. 

Hall, Rev. W. H., American University, Beirtit, Syria. 

Hardman, L. H., Field Secretary C. M. S., Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Harte, Dr. A. C., Y. M. CO. A., Jerusalem, Palestine. . 

Hishmi, Jurjuis, London Jews’ Society, Jaffa, Palestine. 

Irany, Jalil, Howard Home for Boys, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Irwin, Miss Frances P., American School for Girls, Beirtit, Syria. 

Jago, Rev. E. O., Christian and Missionary Alliance, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Johnston, Miss M. L., British Syrian Mission, Beirtt, Syria. 

Jones, Miss Alice W., United Missionary Conference, Ramallah, Palestine. 

Jones, A. Willard, American Friends’ Mission, Ramallah, Palestine. 

Katibeh, Daud, M. D., Yabrud, Syria. 

Khadder, Rev. J., Jerusalem and East Mission, Haifa, Palestine. 

Khairallah, Assad, American Press, Beirtt, Syria. 

MacInnes, Rt. Rev. Rennie, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

MacInnes, Mrs., Jerusalem and Hast Mission, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

MacRae, Mrs. Duncan, Y. W. C. A., Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Marmurah, Rev. Ilyas, C. M. S., Church, Nablus, Palestine. 

Maxwell, Rev. M. L., London Jews’ Society, Jerusalem, Palestine. 

Naish, C. G., United Missionary Conference, Brumana, Syria. 

Nelson, W. S., American Presbyterian Mission, Tripoli, Syria. 

Neve, * Arthur O., British and Foreign Bible Society, Beirtit, Syria. 

Nicol, Rey. James H., United Missionary Conference, Beirat, Syria. 

Nielsen, Pastor Alfred, Danish Mission to the Orient, Damascus, Syria. 

Oliver, "Mrs. Daniel, Friends? Foreign Missionary Society, Oe el Metn, 
Syria. 

Rickard, Miss E., C. M. S. Orphanage, Nazareth, Palestine. 

Riggs, Rev. H. H., American Board Mission, Beirtit, Syria. 

Saad, Najib C., M. D., Beirtit, Syria. 

Shamoon, Najib, Friends’ Mission, Brumana, Syria. 

Smith, R. E., M.D., American Reformed Presbyterian Mission, Latakia, 
Syria. 

Strong, Miss K. M., British Syrian Mission, Damascus, Syria. 

Subhiyeh, Rev. Habib, Evangelical Synod. 


REPRESENTATIVES OF MISSIONARY SOCIETIES, ALSO VISITORS 


Bickersteth, Rev. E. M., Missionary Council of the National Assembly of the 
Church of England, London, England. 

Cash, Rev. W. W., C. M. S., London, England. 

Catford, Herbert H., Friends’ Foreign Mission Association, London, 
England. 

Davis, D. A., World’s Committee Y. M. C. A., Geneva, Switzerland. 

Emerson, Miss, Congregational Women’s Board of Missions, Boston, 
h Opt a: 

Gates, President C. F., Robert College, Constantinople. 

Huntington, Mrs. George, Robert College, Constantinople. 

Landes, Dr. W. G., World’s Sunday School Association, New York, U.S. A. 

Margoliouth, Prof, D. 8., Oxford, England. 

Mathews, Basil, 2 Eaton Gate, London, England. 

Mathews, Mrs., 2 Eaton Gate, London, England. 

Maury, Pierre, Paris Missionary Society and French Student Christian 
Federation, Paris, France. 


. 


BruMANA REGIONAL CONFERENCE 125 


Mott, John R., LL.D., Chairman International Missionary Council, Chair- 
man World’s Student Christian Federation, New York, U. 8. A. 

Mott, Mrs., New York, U. 8. A. 

Riggs, Rev. Ernest W., American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions, Boston, U. 8. A. 

Schafalitzky, Baroness, Danish Missionary Society, Copenhagen, Denmark. 


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BAGHDAD REGIONAL CONFERENCE 





BAGHDAD REGIONAL CONFERENCE 


I. Accessibility and Occupation 


The reports given at this Conference show that every part 
of the three areas represented in Mesopotamia, Persia, and Kur- 
distan is accessible for a wise and tactful presentation of the 
Gospel message, with the exception of a part of Kurdistan which 
is closed to travel on account of present political conditions. 

Even the shrine city of Meshed in north-east Persia has a 
flourishing mission station with a large group of converts from 
Islam, and the town of Nejef in Mesopotamia, the religious cen- 
tre of the Shiah sect has been repeatedly visited by missionaries. 
Not only are these areas accessible, but groups of Moslem con- 
verts in many parts of Persia form a nucleus for the future 


Church of Christ in that land. Special meetings for Moslems 
are now conducted by evangelists and ordained preachers who 
are themselves converts from Islam. 

The growing desire for education for girls as well as for boys 
is bringing into our mission schools, and opening doors into the 
homes of, an increasing number of young people who may be 
won for Christ now. 

Large numbers of young men, because of contact with Western 
education and civilization, have received a changed view of life. 
Many are losing their faith in their own religion and finding 
nothing better are in danger of drifting into infidelity. The 
benefits of a Y. M. C. A. or its equivalent would make a strong 
appeal to them and the unusual opportunities in a large centre 
like Baghdad should receive the earnest consideration of that 
organization. 

The spirit of freedom and progress has entered the hareem 
and women are now discussing national issues and are desirous 
of all the help their Western sisters can offer them. 


Difficulties of travel and lack of safety have been among the 
129 


130 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEems 1924 


chief hindrances in itinerating work, but these hindrances have 
been removed in a remarkable way in many parts of these 
areas. 

The rise and growth of new sects in Islam caused in many 
instances, we believe, by the enlightenment of the mind through 
the reading of the Scriptures and by the consequent dissatis- 
faction with orthodox Islam, compel Moslems to re-examine the 
fundamental doctrines of their faith and lead to more freedom 
of thought and increased opportunities to present the claims of 
Christ. 

It is worthy of note that in addition to the sects of Islam there 
are found in Mesopotamia about 15,000 Yezidis and in Bagh- 
dad about 60,000 Jews who are accessible and friendly but for 
whom no work is being done because of the lack of an adequate 
mission force. 

For the occupation of these areas, mission stations have been 
opened in many of the important centres except in Kurdistan, 
where political conditions do not permit work at present. But 
these stations are inadequately manned to use the opportunities 
now open to them. The Meshed Station responsible for a popu- 
lation of three million and located on the border of Afghan- 
istan, has a force of only eight missionaries. The large district 
of Mazandaran, north of Meshed, with a population of one mil- 
lion is entirely unoccupied. The large strip of territory south 
of Shiraz between the 25th and 29th degrees of latitude is also 
without any form of mission work although Persia is one of the 
most accessible of Moslem fields. 

Our problem to-day is not that of inaccessibility, but one of 
distribution of workers and means available for the most ef- 
fective service and of speedily occupying the regions hitherto 
unreached. 


II. Evangelization and the Church 


This conference accepts in general the principles of the find- 
ings of the Jerusalem Conference on these subjects. We rec- 
ognize the part that has been played throughout the centuries 
by the ancient Churches in this area,—their patience in suffer- 
ing and their faithfulness to the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, 


BAGHDAD REGIONAL CONFERENCE 131 


and pray that they may accept their responsibility for the evan- 
gelization of their Moslem neighbours. 

We would call especial attention to section 6 of the Findings 
of the Jerusalem Conference on the subject of the Church, as 
follows: 

‘In the case of nascent Churches of converts from Islam we 
find that the new Christians should be associated with the mis- 
sionaries from the first in matters concerning extension, man- 
agement, and finance, in order that the native Church may be 
prepared from the outset, to become self-extending, self- 
governing, and self-supporting at the earliest possible date.”’ 


III. Christian Education and Leadership 


1. Christian Education. 

This Conference thoroughly agrees with the Jerusalem Con- 
ference that Christian Education constitutes one of the strong- 
est methods of approach to the Moslem world. The first real 
contacts with Moslem families is often made through the medium 
of the school; and by making these Christian schools to be su- 
perior to the non-Christian schools in the community, respect 
and good will is as a rule built up for the real and more vital 
work of missions among Moslems. 

The fundamental aim of the Christian school is the evangeli- 
zation of individuals, the promotion of the Church, the develop- 
ment in the student of Christian character, the raising up of 
efficient leaders for the Church and the enlightenment of a 
community or a country. Any school which fails to exert a 
strong and effective Christian influence upon its students has no 
reason for existence and no place in the missionary enterprise. 

In the area represented by this Conference there is an open 
door and a fine opportunity to establish all grades of schools. 
In Persia, Moslems are availing themselves of the privileges of 
the Christian schools. In Iraq, where Government schools were 
recently opened, the Educational Department favours plans for 
the opening of various types of schools under the supervision 
of the United Mission in Mesopotamia. 

Not only is the opportunity given in these days to open new 
schools and begin the work of Christian education on a large 


132 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WoRKERS Amona MostEems 1924 


scale but the need is equally great. In Iraq, for example, the 
Government cannot cope and will not be able to cope for a long 
time with the problem of education. These Government schools, 
at present, can receive only one-tenth of those who would or 
should attend. 

All grades of educational work should be undertaken. In 
the primary schools the foundations of Christian character are 
laid and the right bent is given to a child. This will also have 
its effect in the schools that go beyond the elementary grades. 
It will be a valuable asset in bringing about an environment of 
Christian influence. 

Secondary or high schools constitute the centre of the edu- 
cational system. In these schools the real leaders for the Church 
and the state are developed. Such schools should increasingly 
be founded, especially in Iraq, where only four of such schools 
exist. In these schools young men can be influenced at a time 
when they are making lfe-decisions and fixing personal habits 
and social attitudes. 

Of special importance is the education of girls. This is one 
of the greatest needs, is far-reaching in its influence and one 
which is much neglected by the national schools. 

Then, too, higher education is needed and there is a place 
for it. As there is a Christian College in Constantinople and 
another is shortly to be opened in Persia, and inasmuch as there 
is a university in Egypt and another in Syria, so there is now an 
open door in Mesopotamia for the founding of a school of higher 
education. If Christianity is to become a real force in Iraq in the 
years to come, the Christian people must plan, and that in the 
near future, for such an institution. 

Moreover, the present tendency among Moslems as they come 
in touch with Western things is toward infidelity and material- 
ism, and this is, therefore, an added reason why Christian educa- 
tion should have an exceedingly large place in the missionary, 
enterprise. 


2. Development of Leadership. 


For an aggressive and efficient Church, a growing Church, and 
for the promotion of Christianity it is absolutely necessary that 


BAGHDAD REGIONAL CONFERENCE | 133 


there should be trained leaders. In the training of mission- 
aries in these days of modern methods and efficiency it is es- 
sential to study not only the language of the country but also 
Islamics. 

To get an increase of native workers—workers who are able 
to win men and women for Christ and do Christian work of the 
highest type,—it is necessary, too, to have such workers trained 
either in special courses in connection with the regular mission 
schools, or in schools created separately for that purpose. 


IV. Christian Literature 


1. The Conference heartily endorses the findings of the Jeru- 
salem Conference and calls special attention to that section 
which details specific approved methods of distribution. The 
sense of the Conference is that we are failing in the distribution 
even more than in the production phase of this work. To over- 
come this weakness it was repeatedly emphasized that the mis- 
sionaries must familiarize themselves with the literature avail- 
able, and constantly press the work of distribution. 

2. We raise the question as to whether the time is not ripe 
in the fields we represent to begin using the newspaper for the 
spreading of the Gospel message. 


V. Medical Work 


1. Recognizing that the medical work is an integral part of 
the missionary enterprise, and that its object is to make Christ 
known as Saviour and Lord, we endorse the Findings of the 
Jerusalem Conference in regard to the great value of this work 
in the presentation of the Gospel. 

2. This Conference would make several recommendations in 
regard to the medical work in Iraq and Persia. These will come 
under two heads, in view of the different conditions in the two 
countries. 

A. IRAQ 

(a) In view of the unmet needs of the people in the vil- 
lages and of the rather large Government medical 


134 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MostEMs 1924 


establishments in the cities, we feel that the primary 
call for medical work is for itinerary work in the 
villages, with co-operation in the work of the estab- 
lished hospitals as opportunity offers. 

(b) We strongly recommend that work among women and 
children should be undertaken by women doctors. At 
present there are none in Iraq, and it is urged that 
this would break down barriers at present impassable. 

(ec) To earry on this work for women and children, and 
general welfare work, provision should be made for 
the training and supply of visiting nurses. 

(d) In Iraq the Government has established medical work 
in so far as there are hospitals with all modern appli- 
ances and nearly 1,600 beds. It is however admitted 
that this is inadequate to meet the widespread need. 
There is every reason to believe that missionary co- 
operation would be welcomed to supplement this work. 
Further, in view of changes in the present situation, 
it is anticipated that need for medical personnel will 
increase. 

(e) All the work should be accompanied by definite and 
sustained evangelistic work. 


B. PERSIA 

(a) In view of the lack of hospitals in Persia, and the dif- 
ficulty of reaching the cities where medical work is 
carried on, we recommend that the present Mission 
Hospitals be strengthened so that the hard-worked 
staff may not have to turn away the needy and may 
have opportunity or time for their spiritual work. 

(b) Some cities now unoccupied eall for the establishment 
of medical work with evangelistic work. 

(ec) Such reinforcement should lead to increased itineration. 

(d) The training of native doctors and nurses is distinctly, 
a phase of the missionary doctor’s work in Persia. 

(e) Systematic and persistent presentation and follow-up 
of the medical work with the Gospel is a most impor- 
tant feature of the medical work and should be put 
into effect before further expansion is undertaken. 


BAGHDAD REGIONAL CONFERENCE 135 


VI. Social Work 


1. We recognize that the Gospel is intended to meet all phases 
of human need. In view, however, of the restrictions on the 
freedom of women, and in view of entrenched social evils sanc- 
tioned by custom, we feel that not all the forms of social work 
recommended in the Jerusalem Conference Findings can yet be 
undertaken. But God, in His Providence, has given openings 
that should be entered. 

2. Among the forms of work that should be undertaken are 
the following :— 

(a) Work for women. This is possible in different degrees 
in the different parts of our field. The Christian 
home gives a universal approach to the solution of 
this problem. In addition to this influence, societies 
for the discussion of social questions and women’s 
problems, societies for social service, and girls’ 
schools afford other openings for social work. 

(b) Work should be undertaken for the neglected classes. 
Orphans, homeless women, and other unfortunate 
people should have a place in the work of the mis- 
sions as a clear proof of the regenerating power of our 
Lord. The form would need to be adapted to the local 
situation, but definite provision should be made. 

(ec) Reading rooms, and meeting places under Christian in- 
fluence would meet a need of the young men, and be 
a source of contact likely to be fruitful for the Gos- 
pel enterprise. 

(d) The full use of the missionary institutions, the schools 
and hospitals, is in itself one of the greatest forces 
available for the social work of the missions, 


VII. Co-operation 


The Conference considered the recommendation of the Jeru- 
salem Conference as to the formation of a Missionary Council 
including all missionary lands from Morocco to Afghanistan. 
It was felt that at present such co-operation on the part of Iraq, 
Persia, and East Arabia is impractical for two reasons: 


136 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WorKERS AMONG MosuEmMs 1924 


1. The geographical conditions are such as to make the diffi- 
culty and expense of travel prohibitive, and 

2. The problems of the Near East and Middle East, as we may 
eall it, differ in many respects. . 

We would, therefore, favour the formation of a Middle: Hast 
Conference to represent the various Christian agencies in Iraq, 
Persia, and Arabia. 

To this end the Conference appoints one representative each 
from the Mesopotamia and North Persia Missions, to correspond 
with the missions in South Persia, and East Arabia with a view 
to the formation of such a council as follows: Rev. James 
Cantine of Baghdad, Rev. H. C. Schuler of Tehran, and Rev. 
C. R. Pittman of Tabriz. 


Conference Members 


Benz, Miss Lauretta, American Mission, Kermanshah, Persia. 

Cantine, Rev. James, American Mission, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Cantine, Mrs., American Mission, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Cumberland, Rev. R. C., American Mission, Mosul, Iraq. 

Edwards, Rev. A. G., American Mission, Mosul, Iraq. 

Edwards, Mrs., American Mission, Mosul, Iraq. 

Elder, Rev. John, American Mission, Kermanshah, Persia. 

Guergis, Rev. Karam, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Hall, Major the Rev. C. W., R. A. F. Chaplain, c/o 70 Squadron, Hinaidi, 
Baghdad, Iraq. 

Lamme, Miss Edith D., American Mission, Urmia, Persia. 

Mackenzie, Rev. A. J., C. F., e/o The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, Hinaidi, 
Baghdad, Iraq. 

MeDowell, Rev. E. W., American Mission, Mosul, Iraq. 

McDowell, Mrs., American Mission, Mosul, Iraq. 

Mirza, Rev. Pera, American Mission, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Murad, Artin, Protestant School, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Pittman, Rev. Charles R., American Mission, Tabriz, Persia. 

Rowland, Rev. C. P. N., C. F., The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, Hinaidi, 
Baghdad, Iraq. 

Rungaswami, Rev., Baghdad, Iraq. 

Schuler, Rev. H. C., American Mission, Tehran, Persia. 

Shaboz, Miss A, G., Abakhana Road, 134/195, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Staudt, Rev. Calvin K., American Mission, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Staudt, Mrs., American Mission, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Walkey, Rev. J. R., Chaplain R. A. F., Hinaidi, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Willoughby, Rev. J. Wallace, American Mission, Mosul, Iraq. 

Wiseman, Squadron Ldr. P. J., R. A. F., Hinaidi, Baghdad, Iraq. 

Zwemer, Rev. S. M., D.D., Cairo, Egypt. 

Zwemer, Mrs., Cairo, Egypt. 


APPENDIX 





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SYLLABUS OF QUESTIONS 


Selections were made from this Syllabus to serve as the basis for most of the 
discussions of the Conferences held in Northern Africa and Western Asia by the 
Chairman of the International Missionary Council. 


Foreword 


This Syllabus is to be regarded as suggestive. Many questions vitally 
important in one section of the Near East, or of North Africa, are not 
applicable to another section. Manifestly time available at the Con- 
ferences did not permit a full discussion of all the topics given. It was 
vital, therefore, to make rigid selection of the most important topics and 
to carry the discussion of those forward to the point of conclusive think- 
ing. Hach Conference, through its Business Committee, made its own 
selection of the questions of the Syllabus, which questions then served as 
the basis for the discussions at that particular Conference. 


I. The Present Situation in the Area of this Conference 


1. What political changes have taken place in the last decade and 
how do these affect the missionary situation? What are the political 
disabilities that a convert from Islam incurs at present? What are 
incurred by an Oriental Christian? Is Christianity regarded by the people 
as favourable or unfavourable to their political aspirations? 

2. What changes along religious lines are noticeable within the last ten 
years? Are Moslems as devoted as formerly to fasts, pilgrimages, prayers? 
Is there an approach to Christianity, or is there only apathy toward all 
religion? Is the religious emphasis undergoing a change in any direction? 

3. What is the philosophical content of Islam to-day? What line of 
defence is now followed in combating Christianity? Does the mystical 
movement have an increasing or decreasing influence in Moslem thought 
and life? What influence does Western materialism have upon the 
thought life of Islam at present? 

4, Point out any striking changes in recent times: (1) in moral ten- 
dencies, (2) in economic conditions. How do these affect Islam and 
Christian missionary effort? Is the cost of living affecting missionary 
workers, foreign or native? Are any objectionable customs originally due 
to Islam fastening themselves upon the social life of the country, and 
what is the attitude of Christian communities to these? 

5. What are the general benefits or disadvantages accruing to missionary 
work because of the existing political situation or governmental policy? 
in the holding of property (whether by foreigners or by natives)? in 
freedom in missionary work? in the safety of converts? What policy 
would conduce to a better understanding between missions and government 
officials? 

II, The Christian Message 


1, Are there elements in the Moslem religion which seem to be genuinely 


prized as a religious help and consolation? If so, what are they? What 
attitude should the Christian missionary take toward these? 


139 


140 CoNFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WoRKERS AMonG MosuEMs 1924 


2. In what respect do Moslems show dissatisfaction with their own faith? 
Does the situation create any special opportunity for missionary effort? 

3. What do you consider to be the chief moral, intellectual, and social 
hindrances in the way of a full acceptance of Christianity? Are these 
hindrances becoming greater or are they lessening? — 

4. How would you characterize the chief types of Moslems to be dealt 
with? How do their characteristics affect missionary methods and the 
missionary message? 

5. What do you regard as some of the most important conditions of an 
effective presentation of Christianity to Moslems: as to special truth to 
be emphasized? terminology to be used? spirit and manner? methods to 
be used? language and vocabulary? 


III, Evangelization 


1. With our present forces how can we ensure a wider and more fruitful 
effort to influence the people of this field to accept Christ and His Way of 
life: (1) in the large cities? (2) in the villages and towns? 

2. How may we discover, develop, and utilize the evangelistic gift, and 
thus multiply the number of capable evangelists? 

3. What are the requirements for baptism in each Christian communion 
or body represented in this area? What preparation or training is re- 
quired from Moslem converts before they are admitted to the Church? 

4, How serious and real is the problem of a livelihood in the case of 
Moslem converts? What should the missionaries’ attitude be? How can 
any ministry to the material needs of converts be safeguarded from abuse? 
Is there place for developing industrial work to meet this need? How can 
Moslem converts be guaranteed a sympathetic reception into the social 
and ecclesiastical life of the native Protestant Churches or of the Oriental 
Churches? What special provision should be made for maintaining and 
developing the spiritual life of young converts from Islam? 

5. How may converts from Islam be used most effectively in other mis- 
sionary effort? What special training should they have to make their 
efforts most effective? To what extent should voluntary service be expected 
and secured? é 


6. Should there be separate Churches for converts from Moslems? Can - 


native evangelists be used for reaching Moslems to any large extent before 
such Churches are organized? 

7. What changes are demanded by opinion of the Christians on the 
field or by the missionary’s interpretation of prevailing conditions and re- 
quirements, to constitute a Church more suitable to the Moslem convert? 

8. Give other suggestions for the improvement of prevailing evangelistic 
methods. 


IV. The Christian Churches 


1. Characterize the influence and attitude of the Oriental Churches in 
respect to the evangelization of Moslems. 

2. Characterize the relationship which should exist between the mis- 
sionary forces and the Oriental Churches with reference to the evangeliza- 
tion of non-Christians. 


3. Characterize the influence and attitude of the Reformed or Evangelical - 


Churches in respect to the evangelization of Moslems. 

4. Is the tendency of Christianity in the direction of (1) the develop- 
ment of one nation-wide Church, (2) the maintenance of several inde- 
pendent Churches, or (3) a federation of Churches? 


ie i 


Oe 


h SYLLABUS OF QUESTIONS 141 

5. Are there considerations in favour of intereommunion among the 
Churches? 

6. What are the principal encouragements and difficulties in the way of 
a great advance in self-support in the Church and what bearing has the 
relation between the Mission and the Church upon the problem of self- 
support? 

7. Is the Church of the area truly missionary? If not, how may the 
spirit be developed and maintained? 


V. Christian Leadership 


1. How can more young men and women of ability be discovered, 
enlisted, and trained for the leadership of the Christian forces? How 
hold them for life? 

2. What additional or improved facilities are most needed for training 
those who are to work among the less educated classes? Among the 
official classes? Among students? 

3. What can be done to develop a leadership which is truly indigenous as 
contrasted with being patterned after our Western ideas and too dependent 
on Western resources? 


VI. Christian Education 


1. What are the aims to which most prominence should be given in our 
educational missionary work? 

2. What facts and tendencies in government education do you consider 
most significant from the point of view of missionary education? What 
principles should govern our relation to government education? To what 
extent should the missionary educational programme be modified to meet 
the new governmental policy? 

3. What measures or plans are necessary to ensure the higher efficiency 
of the Christian educational work from a technical or pedagogical point 
of view, that is, from the point of view of the science of teaching? 

4, What are the greatest weaknesses in our educational work from the 
point of view of its religious results, and how can they best be overcome? 
How make the Christian educational institutions evangelistic agencies under 
the new conditions? How far is a Christian college justified in making 
Bible study and attendance on religious services purely voluntary? 

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of all the Missions in 
this area uniting in university-college work? Of the different plans of 
union effort in higher educational w vork, which one is preferable for this 
area and why? 

6. How many bona fide Christian university-colleges are required in this 
area in the near future, and why? Where should they be located? 

7. How ean a really high standard of theological education be attained? 
By closer affiliation of existing schools, or by what other means? 

8. What share have the people of the country in the support and control 
of the higher educational missionary work of this area, and what is the 
policy to augment their share? 

9. Is there a well thought-out and generally accepted missionary edu- 
cational policy for this field? 

10. Should there be a Central Committee of Missionary Education to 
consider the whole educational problem in the country, to decide what the 
different Missions ean do in combination to promote education, and to make 
representations to Government? 

11. Mention the advantages or disadvantages of the plan of a director 


142 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosuEemMs 1924 


of missionary education for the Missions in a given area. Indicate the 
functions of such a leader. What are the relative advantages of making 
this a denominational or an interdenominational arrangement? 

12. How can the committees and workers who are dealing with missionary 
educational work be related most helpfully to the Missionary Educational 
Associations? 


VII. Christian Literature 


1. Does the survey completed in 1922 under the title ‘‘ Christian Litera- 
ture in Moslem Lands’’ adequately set forth the situation within this area? 
If not, in what respect does it need correction or supplementing? 

2. In this area what Christian literature is most urgently needed: (1) 
for Christians? (2) for the educated Moslems? (3) for the less educated 
Moslems? 

3. What can be done to raise up able Christian writers, both among 
Christians of the country and among the missionaries? To what extent 
would setting apart men for specified pieces of work for a limited time 
meet the case? 

4, What can be done to ensure a wider and more effective use of the best 
literature already in existence? 

5. What parts of the Scriptures have proved most effective in the work 
of evangelizing non-Christians? 

6. What additional versions or revisions of the Scriptures are most 
urgently needed? 

7. In what directions is closer co-operation desirable in the literature 
work of the different Missions of this area? 

8. To what extent ean work in Christian Literature within this area be 
related with profit to that of adjoining areas? Discuss the findings of 
the survey mentioned sub 1, above. 


VIII. Medical Work 


1. What special missionary service may medical work render in this 
area and how may the efficiency of existing work be increased? 

2. How ean hospital work, dispensary work, and itineration be best 
related to each other, and to what extent should each be developed? 

3. How may the medical institutions and work of different missions 
be best correlated? Has any comprehensive plan of medical work for the 
entire area been worked out? 

4, What peculiar problems or opportunities are presented by the present 
position and condition of women in Islam for developing medical work? 

5. Is there any call for joining to medical work training departments 
for the training of doctors, druggists, nurses, and midwives? Would such 
training be practicable? 

6. How may the existing medical work be related more effectively to 
evangelistic work so as to conserve the opportunities it develops but 
cannot fully exhaust? 

7. How may indigenous medical agents and agencies be related to the 
missionary programme? 


IX. The Occupation of the Field 


1. In what parts of the field are there no foreign missionary forces, or 
practically none? What language areas, what social strata, what special 
classes, what religions are still virtually untouched? What is their im- 
portance? ; 


SYLLABUS OF QUESTIONS 143 


2. Why are these sections or classes untouched by missionaries? 

3. Are the present missionary forces being used to the best advantage? 
If not, how could they be more advantageously used? What, if any, re- 
distribution of forces is desirable? In particular, what can be done to 
ensure that the missionary forces take a stronger hold upon the com- 
munity and lead to more decisive acceptance of Christ and His way of 
life? 

4. Which method or methods of work, if developed, would lead most 
rapidly and safely to the occupation of the field? At the present time 
what type or phase of work should receive chief emphasis in the field? 
Is there need of a shifting of emphasis, and if so, why? 

5. Have the Christian forees in this area framed a clear and definite 
plan for its missionary occupation, and are new missionaries placed with 
reference to carrying out such a plan? 

6. Is there any part of the field in which the missionary body should 
surrender primary responsibility? Is there any part in which the evan- 
gelical Churches organized among the people should take the primary re- 
sponsibility for certain forms of work or for reaching certain classes of 
the community? If so, what forms or classes? 

7. What should constitute an adequate foreign missionary force for 
this area? In other words, when could it be said that no further increase 
of the missionary force is needed? In answering these questions, the 
types of missionary work should be kept in mind as well as the matter 
of general occupation. 

8. Is it desirable to make a scientific or thorough united survey of this 
field at the present time? If so, what is the most practical plan to 
accomplish the task? What would you say as to the wisdom of a periodical 
review of the field (say, every ten years) by representatives of the Missions 
at work on the field, to ensure the best distribution of the forces with 
reference to the better occupation of the field? 


X. The Training and Efficiency of Missionaries 


1, What special preparation should missionaries coming out to work in 
this field at the present time receive before leaving the home lands? What 
would you suggest as to the desirability of studying the languages and 
religions at home? Also, as to studying phonetics at home? 

2. In what respects, if any, can better provision be made for the guidance 
and oversight of new missionaries during the first year or two on the field? 

3. Do you favour union language-schools for new missionaries in this 
area? If so, why? How many such schools are required, and where? 
What is necessary to ensure their highest success? 

4, If such schools are established, should they teach anything besides 
language? If so, what? 

5. Would it be desirable in such a school or otherwise to provide for 
older missionaries special courses for advanced study in the language, 
literature, and religions of the country? 

6. How may we safeguard the time and energy of the missionary so 
that these may be expended in the work for which he was especially 
prepared? 

7. What recommendation should be made, and what assistance given 
for the most profitable use of the first furlough of the missionary? 

8. Should the plan of having ‘‘short service’’ missionaries be en- 
couraged? 


144 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


XI. Spiritual Dynamic 


1. What encouragements are there to the belief that a spiritual quick- 
ening in this area may be expected? How may this awakening be realized 
more fully and comprehensively in all departments of the Christian mis- 
sionary movement? ‘To what extent are the conditions of abiding spiritual 
power being fulfilled in the lives of missionaries, native workers, and con- 
verts? What outstanding hindrances to spiritual quickening exist? 

2. In what definite way may the supporters of missions at the Home 
Base aid most intelligently and successfully in ushering in these desirable 
experiences of spiritual power? 

3. How can the Christian gospel of life presented to Moslems. be made 
to convey a more definite impression of the reality of God’s being and 
presence ? 


XII. Co-operation between Missions 


1. How far is the principle of comity being observed in this area in 
such matters as the occupation of the field, overlapping, church discipline, 
attitude toward dismissed agents, scale of salaries, etc.? In what respects 
should this principle be extended? By what means can effect be given to 
the desires of different Missions as to the observance of the principles 
of comity? 

2. In what respects is a closer co-operation between different Missions 
in this area desirable? 

3. Does satisfactory provision exist for the proper correlation of mis- 
sionary activities: (1) among missionaries in a given station? (2) between 
different phases of work in the same Mission? (3) between different 
Missions in this entire area? 

4. Have you a co-operative or federal council of the Missions working 
in this area? To what extent has it been used and with what results? 
Wherein should it be improved? What part have the native Christians 
on this council? Of the various plans of this kind in operation in 
different mission fields, which one do you deem most helpful? If there 
is no such agency, should there be established a closer union of the 
Missions in this area: and if so, should it be organic, federative, or co- 
operative? How shall it be brought about? 

5. In what ways may a close and mutually helpful relation be established 
between the International Missionary Council and the missionaries and 
native Christian leaders? 

6. Are there facts or considerations in connection with your field, or 
other matters of importance, which you desire to have brought to the 
attention of the Missionary Societies and the home constituency? What 
are the great and important needs which should be met by the home 
Church? 

7. In the light of the discussion of these questions, what points are 
there on which action should be taken by the bodies concerned in the 
field itself? 


INDEX 





INDEX 


Accessibility, and Occupation, Com- 
mittee on, 28; of Mesopotamia, 
Persia, and Kurdistan, 129, 180; 
physical, educational, and relig- 
as of the Moslem world, 138, 14, 


Ad-Interim Committee, appointment 
of, 58, 54. 

Affiliation to International Mission- 
ary Council recommended, 41. 

Afghanistan, 15 

Albania, 15. 

Algeria, 54. 

Alliance of Honour, 80. 

American Christian Literature So- 
ciety for Moslems, co-operation 
with recommended, 63. 

American Press of Beirfit, 117. 

Apologetic literature needed, 25, 26. 

Arabic-speaking division of North 
Africa, 52. 

Asir, province of, 15. 

Atlas Ranges, Saharan, 15, 51. 

Aures Mountains, 15, 51. 

Azhar University, distribution of the 
Gospels in, 15; work among the 
students of, and with the Azhary 
class, 80. 


Bedouin and gypsy tribes in Syria 
No unreached by missions, 
104. 

Beirfit, relation of the University 
ore to the colleges in Palestine, 
‘il 


Berber element in North Africa, 52. 

Bible teaching, as a method of work 
among children, 61. 

Biskra, 51. 

Board of Missionary Preparation of 
the Foreign Missions Conference 
of North America. See Foreign 
Missions Conference, etc. 

Bonnet, C., 53. 

Boy Scouts, 28; as a source for sup- 
ply of leaders, 118. 

Boys’ and Girls’ Homes, 58. 

British and Foreign Bible Society, 
recommendation of study of co- 
operation between different mis- 
sions in North Africa and, 63. 

Bukhara, 15. 


Bulgaria, 15. 

Bureau for Arabic-speaking lands, 
A Na to be set up in Algiers, 
63. 


Cairo, School of oriental studies, 31; 
Young Men’s Christian Associa- 
tion, 80. 

Caliphate, 14, 17. 

Cantine, Rev. James, 186. 

Capelle, R., 53. 

Cash, Rey. W. W., 28. 

Children, chief needs in North Af- 
rica of work among, 60; homes 
for, 24, 59; importance of work 
among, 59, 60; methods of work 
among, 60, 61; missionaries urged 
to influence public opinion regard- 
ing the welfare of children, with 
special reference to child marriage, 
child labour, traffic in women and, 
35; social work for, 61, 69; So- 

eties for, 61. 

China, Moslems of, 15. 

Christian Council for Northern Af- 
hoa and Western Asia, 41, 135, 

Christian Endeavour Society, 83; as 
a source for supply of leaders, 118. 

“Christian Literature in Moslem 
Lands,” 25 (footnote). 

Christian training, of children, 61. 

Church, call to the home, 17; conver- 
sion of Moslems to the Christian 
faith requires a larger use of the 
native, 104; enlarging responsibil- 
ity of the native, 109, 110; history 
and experience of the, in North 
Africa, 56; the native, and Chris- 
tian stewardship, 110,111; of 
Rome, in North Africa, 50; part 
of the Eastern Churches in reach- 
ing Moslems, 20; responsibility of 
native, for evangelization of Mos- 
1eMRN LL LON COM oo oe DION, 
tendency toward, in Syria and 
Palestine, 110. 

Churches, for European Protestants, 
56, 57; points to be emphasized in 
building up native, 57; Circas- 
sians of Trans-Jordan not effec- 
tively reached by mission, 104. 

Colomb-Bechar, 51. 


147 


148 CoNFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WoRKERS AMONG MosuEMs 1924 


Colpor ae 
Bio; 


more extensive use of, 


hasty on Accessibility and Oc-" ms 


cupation, Report of, 28. 

Conterences, calling of periodic, of 
representatives of the educational 
institutions, 114. 

Constantine, Bl. 

Converts, care of, 18, 55, 84, 85; 
explanation of dearth of, 18. 

Cooksey, J. J., 

Co-operation, appointment of an Ad- 
Interim Committee to serve up to 
the close of the next Conference in 
the interests of, 53, 54; Christian 
agencies in each region or of the 
entire area urged to study for in- 
creased, 41; a Christian council 
needed for Northern Africa and 
Western Asia, to effect increased, 
41; dissent from recommendation 
of the Jerusalem Conference as to 
the formation of a Missionary 
Council including lands from Mo- 
rocco to Afghanistan for promotion 
of, 135, 186; ideals suggested by 
the Helwan Conference to the 
Hgypt Inter-Mission Council as 
the aims of its work for, 78; na- 
tive Churches and missionaries 
urged to effect closer, 40, 41; out- 
line of means and scope of, 54; 
outline of recommended methods 
of, 105, 106; Preliminary Commit- 
tee recommended to formulate plan 
for a Christian Council for West- 
ern Asia and Northern Africa, 
and to confer with the Interna- 


tional Missionary Council con- 
cerning affiliation to it, for the 
achievement of greater, 41; rec- 


ommendations to the Heypt Tnter- 
Mission Council regarding, 78, 79; 
regular conferences for fellowship, 
common counsel, and, 53; requi- 
site for the adequate missionary 
co-operation of Syria and Pales- 
tine, 105; strengthening of re- 
gional councils or movements for, 
40; through the Hgypt Inter-Mis- 
sion Council, 77, 78; with 
Government systems of education, 
113. 

Co-ordinating Committee on Chris- 
tian Literature for Moslems, ap- 
pointment of recommended, 27; 
central literature bureau or office 
provided for as general headquar- 
ters of, 27; constituency of, 27; 
functions of, 27, 91, 92; Provi- 
sional Committee charged with the 
task of working out the details of 
securing formation and organiza- 
tion of, 28. 


Crimea, 15. 

‘Cuendet, ., Vice-chairman, the Ad- 
Interim Committee, 53. 

Cultural, racial, and religious divi- 
sions of North Africa, 52, 53. 


Dacca, 16. 

Dakar only three days’ sailing from 
Pernambuco, 

Dates of Regional Conferences, 7. 

Drug habit, action of the Interna- 
tional Missionary Council in en- 
couraging effort to grapple with 
the, 35. 

Druze peoples, small number of mis- 
A devoting whole time to, 


Education, and preparation of teach- 
ers, 22; and training for the 
Christian ministry, 28; as a means 
of evangelization in Hgypt, 81; 
co-operation with Government sys- 
tems of, 118; illiteracy and, 86; 
importance of extending mission- 
ary, 113; in India, report of the 
Fraser Commission on, 388; in 
Mesopotamia, Christian, 131, 132 
methods of Christian, 57, 58; ob- 
jective of mission schools in 
Christian, 85, 86; place of, in mis- 
sions to Moslems, 20, 21; presen- 
tation of Christ through, 21; pro- 
vision of university, for Moslem 
women, 114; recommendation of a 
committee for co-ordinating the 
work of Christian, 88; recommen- 
dation of a committee on, in Syria 
and Palestine, 114; relations with 
Government educational officials 


in promotion of missionary, 86, 
87; sex, 35. 
Educational, accessibility of the 


Moslem world, 15; campaign, sug- 
gestions with reference to Hgyprt, 
86, 87; institutions, calling of 
periodic conference of representa- 
tives of, 114; needs of women, 37, 
38; organization and equipment, 
22; policy, need of clear definition 
of, 22; work, adaptation of, 22; 
work, chief object of, 111, 112. 

Educational Union for Syria and 
Palestine, before the War, 114. 

Effendi class, 80. 

i Inter-Mission Council, 77, 78, 


Hl-Azhar, see Azhar University. 

Evangelist, requirements of the na- 
tive, 54, 55 

Evangelization, adapted in method to 
the different classes of Egyptian 


INDEX 


Moslems, 80, 81; affected by the 
changing attitude of Moslem 
Kgypt to Christianity, 79; and the 
Church in Mesopotamia, 130, 181; 
central message of, 55; general 
survey, 17, 18; in the light of the 
changed conditions, 107, 108; new 
influence of, 17; of Hareem la- 
dies, 82; present opportunity for, 
in North Africa, 54; six recom- 
mendations regarding, 107, 108: 
the new spirit of nationalism and, 
106; through direct evangelistic 
work, 81; through educational 
work, 81; through medical mission 
work, 81. 


Fellaheen, 81. 

Foreign Missions Conference of 
North America, “The Presentation 
of Christianity to Moslems,’ re- 
port of the Board of Missionary 
Preparation of the, 29, 30, 31. 

Fraser Commission on Village Hdu- 
cation in India, report of com- 
mended, 38, 

IFrease, Dr. HE. F., Chairman, the 
Ad-interim Committee, 53. 


Georgia, 15. 

Girardin, E., 53. 

Girl Guides, 23; as a source for 
supply of leaders, 118. 

Girls’ and Boys’ Bone 58. 

Goodsell, Rey. FE. 28. 

Governments eae “Missions, com- 
ments of the Helwan Conference 
upon the principles laid down at 
the Lake Mohonk Conference re- 
garding, 96, 97, 98; co-operation 
between, as regards systems of 
education, 113. 


Hadhramaut, province of, 15. 

Hauran, 104. 

Hejaz, province of, 15. 

Hostels, student, 24, 35. 

Hygiene, individual, social, and pub- 
lic, 35. 


“Tmitation of Christ, The,’ 26. 

India, Moslems of, 16. 

Institute of Social and Religious Re- 
search, obligation to, 9. 

Inter-Missionary Committee urged 
to co-operate more closely with the 
American Literature Society for 
Moslems, 63. 

International Missionary Council, 
affiliation to, recommended, 41. 
Iraq, plans for the opening of 

schools in, 181. 
Ismaliyeh of North Syria not effec- 
tively reached by missions, 104. 


149 
IKabylia, 51. 


Leadership, chief hindrances to the 
promotion of, 92, 938, 119, 120; 
demand for Christian, 118; es- 
sential qualifications of, 64, 65; 
forms of service calling for Chris- 
tian, 64; immediate needs in 
Egypt as to, 92; implications of, 
82; most effective means of re- 
cruiting, 65; most fruitful means 
of recruiting for, 119; need and 
methods of closer association with 
those preparing for Christian, 94; 
need for a more numerous educa- 
tional, 87; need of more adequate 
financial provision for Christian, 
93; recommendation of a cam- 
paign of education regarding 
Christian, 93; source of supply 
OL Ons special training for, 93; 
training of, 12; training re- 
quired for, 65, 66. 

League of Nations, Dangerous 
Drugs Commission of the, 35: In- 
ternational Labour Office of the, 

Ligue de la Moralité Publique, 69. 

Ligue Nationale Antialcoolique, 69. 

Linton, Bishop, 28. 

Literature, central bureau for Chris- 
tian, 117; circulation of, 63, 88, 
89; co-operation in the produc- 
tion of, 27, 28, 638; development 
of a policy regarding, 90, 91; dis- 
covery and development of writers 
of, 62, 638. 115; distribution of. 
26, 27, 117, 133; for Christians, 
116; for different groups, 62; for 
Moslems, appointment of “The 
Co-ordinating Committee on Chris- 
tian,” 27; in Arabic, Kabyle, and 
French needed for Moslem chil- 
dren, 60; languages recommended 
for employment in the production 
of, 62; need of living, mystical, 
26; need of recreational, 26; need 
of reinforcing educational work by 
means of uplifting, 87; newspaper 
evangelism urged as an. expert- 
ment in the field of Christian, 117, 
118; North African Survey of 
Christian, 62; opportunity for 
Christian, 24, 114, 115; presenta- 
tion of Christianity in action 
through biographical and_ socio- 
logical, 26; production of Chris- 
tian, 25, 26, 89; provision of 
apologetic, 25, 26; Provisional 
Committee on, 28; recommenda- 
tion to home boards concerning, 
88; required for different classes 
of Moslems, 115, 116; status of, 


150 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


as a means of missionary work, 
115. 


MacCallum, Rey. Dr. F. W., 28. 

MacInnes, Bisnop, 2d. i 

Madagascar, Moslem populations of, 
ay 


Malay Peninsula, eastern part of, 
acy 


Mazandaran district unoccupied, 130. 

Medical, aid for women, 38; mission 
work aS a means of evangeliza- 
tion in Egypt, 81; work, advance 
programme for Iraq and Persia, 
133, 134; work, extension of_in 
North Africa recommended, 70; 
work, methods for following up, 
33; work, special value of, 32, 3a, 
(0) 215 

Meshed station responsible for three 
million people, 180 

Message, presentation of, 18. 

Ministry, training required for the 
Christian, 23. 

Mission Boards, effects of change of 
emphasis in, 43; need of change 
of emphasis in policy of, 43. _ 

Missionaries, importance of previous 
social-service experience by, 68 ; 
need of change of emphasis in the 
lives of, 42, 48; preparation of, 
66, 67, 68; preparation to be ac- 
quired in the field, 67; preparation 
to be secured before arrival in the 
field, 66, 67. 

Morocco, 15, 51. : 

Moslem World, The, adoption of, as 
common organ of missions to ,Mos- 
lems recommended, 63, 64, 91. 


Near East, Moslems of the, 16. 

Nejd, province of, 15. 

Nile Mission Press, 89, 117. } 

Northern Africa and Western Asia, 
Christian Council for, recom- 
mended, 41. 

Nusairiyeh peoples, small number of 
missionaries devoting whole time 
to, 104. 


Occupation, Committee on Accessi- 
bility and, 28; district of Mazan- 
daran not yet within scope of, 130; 
extent of, in North Africa, 52; 
facts on North Africa showing ex- 
tent of lack of, 50, 51, 52; his- 
torical sketch of developments in 
North Africa relating to its mis- 
sionary, 50; missionary, of the 
Moslem world, general survey, 15, 
16; more extensive co-operation in 


Syria and Palestine requisite for 
missionary, 105; Moslem, Druze. 
and Nusairiyeh peoples represent 
fields virtually outside present, 
104; Moslem educated religious 
leaders, the Ismaliyeh of North 
Syria, the Circassians of Trans- 
Jordan, and the Bedouin and 
gypsy tribes chiefly outside pres- 
ent missionary, 104; preliminary 
survey of the missionary societies 
in Syria and Palestine with regard 
to, 103, 104, 105; present foreign 
missionary force in Syria and 
Palestine adequate for, 104; re- 
examination of assignment of mis- 
sionary workers in Syria and 
Palestine recommended for more 
effective, 104; strip of territory 
south of Shiraz outside present 
missionary, 180; Survey of Egypt 
as to missionary, 77; use of mis- 
sionary reinforcements in North 
Africa to effect further, 52, 53: 
Yezidis and Jews in Mesopotamia 
SS field of present missionary, 


Oran, 50, 51. 
Outward Bound, 87. 


Pan-Islamism, 14, 17. 

Peshawar, 16. : 

Pittman, Rev. C. R., 136. 

Political conditions bearing upon the 
spread of the Gospel among Mos- 
lems, 14, 17. 

Population of Moslem world, 13; of 
unoccupied areas, 15, 16. 

“Presentation of Christianity to 
Moslems, The,” 29. 

Provisional committee (on Litera- 
ture), 28. 


Quetta, 16. 


Racial, religious, and cultural di- 
visions of North Africa, 52, 53. 

Rawalpindi, 16. 

Recreation, importance of, 70. 

Recruiting, chief hindrances to, 119. 
120; of voluntary workers and lay 
leaders in social and community 
enterprises, 35; means of, 59, 65; 
most fruitful means of, 119. 

Reinforcements, considerations on 
use of, in North Africa, 52, 53. 

Relation of Conferences of Christian 
Workers Among Moslems to Luck- 
now Conference of 1911, 7. 


INDEX 


Religious accessibility of the Mos- 
lem world, 15 

Religious, racial, and cultural di- 
visions of North Africa, 52, 53. 

Roche, Miss, 53. 

Rolland, H., 54. 

Russia, 15. 


Sahara, 15, 49, 50, 51. 

School, Christian industrial, recom- 
mended, 58. 

School of Oriental Studies, 82. 

Schools, of manual training, agricul- 
ture, and religion, 112; mission, 
= 3 should be rendered indigenous, 


Schuler, Rev. H. C., 186. 
Sex education, 35. 
ae strip south of, unoccupied, 


Sialkot Convention in India, 79. 

Smith, Miss Emily, 54. 

Smith, Rev. Percy, 28, 53. 

Social work, definition of Christian, 
34; in Mesopotamia, 135; in rela- 
tion to teaching of the Gospel, 54; 
lines of, recommended for promo- 
tion, 35; reasons why the Church 
needs to do, 34; through co-opera- 
tion with agencies for promotion 
of purity and temperance, 69; 
through legal assistance, 70; 
through the promotion of recrea- 
tion, 70; through student hostels, 
under Christian direction, 69. 

Socotra, island of, 15. 

Spiritual quickening, the funda- 
mental hindrance to, 95; signs of, 
in Hgypt, 95; suggestions and 
recommendations regarding, 95, 96. 

Student Christian Movements, as a 
means of recruiting for Christian 
leadership, 119; urged to make 
known facts presented by the 
Committee on Accessibility and 
Occupation, 

Students, importance of establishing 
hostels for, 24, 69; organizations 
for, 238. 

Sudan, French, 15; Islam penetrated, 
from across the Sahara, 49. 

Sunday schools, appointment of in- 
digenous committees for prepara- 
tion of graded outlines of lessons 
for, 23; importance of, 23, 113. 

Survey, future periodic review should 
be based upon proposed basic 
North African, 50; of missionary 
occupation of Egypt, 77; of the 
missionary societies in Syria and 
Palestine, 103, 104, 105; on 
“Christian Literature in Moslem 


151 


Lands,” 25; recommended for more 
adequate missionary occupation of 
Syria and Palestine, 105; scope 
and purpose of proposed North 
African, 49, 50; strategic impor- 
tance of proposed North African, 
49, 50; urged for the whole area 
of North Africa, 49. 
Swan, George, 28. 


Teachers, special preparation of, 22. 

Temperance, reform to be promoted 
by missionaries, 35, 

Titus, Rev. M. T., 28. 

Tolga, 51. 

Touggourt, 51. 

Tozeur, 51. 

Training School, Village Teacherg’, 
at Moga, in the Punjab, India, 38. 

Training schools, on the mission 
field, 31, 32. 

Trans-Jordan, 104, 1138. 

Translations, into English of litera- 
ture produced in various Moslem 
countries recommended wherever 
possible, 64. 

Tripoli in North Africa, 15, 51. 

Trotter, Miss, 54. 

Tulloch Memorial hospital at Tan- 
giers, 70. 

Tunis, 51. 

Tunisia, 54. 

Turkistan, Russian, 15. 


cae Missionary Conference, 105. 


Unity, call to prayer for, 41, 42 
movement toward Christian, 20. 
Unoccupied areas, general survey of, 


Village Teachers’ Training School at 
Moga, in the Punjab, India, 38, 


Warren, T. J. P., 54. 
Watson, Dr. C. R., 28. 
“Way of Love to Moslem Hearts. 


The,” 82. 

Western Asia and Northern Africa. 
Christian Council for, recom- 
mended, 


Women, educational needs of, 37, 38; 
evangelization of the educated 
classes of, 86; evangelization of 
the illiterate masses of, 37; med- 
ical aid to, 88; need of Homes for, 
71; position of, in the Church in 
Hastern lands, 39, 40; protective 
work for, 388; provision of uni- 
versity education for Moslem, 114; 


152 CONFERENCES OF CHRISTIAN WORKERS AMONG MosLEMs 1924 


publicity in promotion of welfare 
of, 38; rescue work for, 38; social 
work for, 38; training of Hastern, 
for missionary work, 39; work 
among, 36, 87, 38, 39, 40; work 
for, in Egypt, 82; work for, in 
Syria and Palestine, 121, 123; 
work of itineration among, 71, 72. 

Workers, increase needed in number 
of foreign, 28; increase needed in 
number of native, 29; qualifica- 
tions and training of, 28, 29, 30. 
31, 32; status of, 66; training 
of, 82-83. 


Yezidis and Jews in Mesopotamia, 
130. 

Young Men’s Christian Association, 
as a source of supply of leaders, 
118; cited as a means whereby 


native Christian Church in Egypt 
may be brought to recognize its 
responsibility, 84; importance of, 
for work among students and 
young people, 23; urged to extend 
its social and community work to 
other Moslem centres, 35; use by. 
of a number of university. grad- 
uates in social work, 118. 

Young people, importance of work 
among and for, 23, 24. 

Young Women’s Christian Associa- 
tion, as a source of supply of 
leaders, 118; importance of, for 
work among students and young 
people generally, 28; mentioned as 
one of the agencies which may 
help the native Christian Church 
in Hgypt to assume its full re- 
spousibility, 84; urged to extend 
its social and community work to 
other Moslem centres, 35. 


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